Does Servant Leadership Control Psychological Distress in Crisis? Moderation and Mediation Mechanism

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the impact of servant leadership on the psychological distress of healthcare staff during the Covid-19 crisis. The authors propose that work engagement mediates and mindfulness moderates the direct relationship between servant leadership and psychological distress.

Methods

Time-lagged data were collected from 277 healthcare staff working at different hospitals in Pakistan. Process Macro version 3.1 on SPSS 23 was used for statistical analysis. For model fitness, we used AMOS V 22.

Results

The results show that servant leadership is negatively related to psychological distress. Furthermore, work engagement mediates the relationship between servant leadership and psychological distress. Moreover, mindfulness is anticipated to moderate the direct relationship between servant leadership and psychological distress, drawing on the social exchange and conservation of resources theory.

Discussion

This study finds that servant leadership is vital for the mental health of healthcare staff. Thus, it extends the utility of the concept of servant leadership to the psychology and crisis management literature.

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Most cited references 116

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Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.

Philip M Podsakoff, Scott MacKenzie, Jeong-Yeon Lee … (2003)

Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.

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Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

Cuiyan Wang, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan … (2020)

Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.

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Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it.

Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. MacKenzie, Nathan P. Podsakoff (2012)

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms "method" and "method bias" and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychol Res Behav Manag

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychol Res Behav Manag

Journal ID (publisher-id): prbm

Title: Psychology Research and Behavior Management

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1578

Publication date (Electronic): 12 March 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 15

Pages: 607-622

Affiliations

[1 ]Business School Henan University , Kaifeng, 475000, People’s Republic of China

[2 ]Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Ilma University , Karachi, Pakistan

[3 ]Department of Business Administration, Iqra National University , Peshawar, Pakistan

[4 ]IBMS, The University of Agriculture , Peshawar, Pakistan

[5 ]Public Policy Observatory, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Santiago, 7500912, Chile

[6 ]Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Concepción, 4090541, Chile

Author notes

Correspondence: Yong Jun Zhang, Business School Henan University , Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, People’s Republic of China, Email 10090055@vip.henu.edu.cn

Author information

Muhammad Zada http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0466-4229

Jawad Khan http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6673-7617

Alejandro Vega-Muñoz http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-2044

Article

Publisher ID: 354093

DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S354093

PMC ID: 8926009

PubMed ID: 35310833

SO-VID: 43306195-4c14-43c0-8d1e-c7da1216ee3f

License:

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

History

Date received : 15 December 2021

Date accepted : 24 February 2022

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 11, References: 117, Pages: 16

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Does Servant Leadership Control Psychological Distress in Crisis? Moderation and Mediation Mechanism

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Abstract

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Discussion

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 116

Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.

Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it.

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