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      Importancia de las micosis en acuicultura ¿Es la fitoterapia una alternativa superadora para su tratamiento con respecto a los tratamientos convencionales? Translated title: Importance of mycoses in aquaculture. Is phytotherapy a surpassing alternative for its treatment with respect to conventional treatments?

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN En acuicultura, la intensificación de los cultivos para obtener grandes volúmenes de producción conlleva a establecer un ambiente que genera estrés en los organismos. Estas condiciones debilitan su sistema inmune lo que incrementa la propagación de enfermedades y generan grandes pérdidas económicas. Uno de los factores responsables de la mortalidad de las especies cultivadas son las infecciones fúngicas. En las granjas de cultivo, los procedimientos de manejo que se realizan durante las etapas de incubación, cría y engorde son importantes para el rendimiento final del producto. Una de las etapas cruciales es la incubación, ya que en esta etapa suele haber un alto grado de mortalidad. Se han realizado diversos estudios que utilizan productos químicos para la profilaxis, desinfección y control de las micosis. Esta utilización ha provocado la resistencia de los agentes patógenos y la acumulación de residuos en los tejidos de los organismos acuáticos o en el ambiente. Por ello, se están desarrollando otras formas de terapia más rentables y con menos efectos deletéreos sobre el medio ambiente. La fitoterapia surge como una alternativa por su comprobada acción ante enfermedades de diversa etiología. En esta revisión se compila y discute la bibliografía existente sobre las enfermedades fúngicas más comunes en los peces, anfibios y crustáceos, se enfatiza en las que afectan a las ovas de los organismos en cultivo y se analizan los antimicóticos naturales utilizados in vitro e in vivo en acuicultura.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT In aquaculture, the intensification of cultures of aquatic organisms to obtain large volumes of production leads to the establishment of an environment that generates stress. These conditions weaken the immune system of these organisms, which increases the spread of diseases and generates great economic losses. One of the factors responsible for the mortality of cultivated species is fungal infections. In farms, the handling procedures that are carried out during the incubation, rearing and fattening stages are important for the final yield. One of the crucial stages is incubation as there is usually a high degree of mortality at this stage. Several studies have been conducted using chemical products for the prophylaxis, disinfection and control of mycoses. This use has caused the resistance of pathogens and the accumulation of residues in the tissues of aquatic organisms or in the environment. For this reason, other forms of therapy that are more profitable and with less deleterious effects on the environment are being developed. Phytotherapy emerges as an alternative due to its proven action against diseases of diverse etiology. This review compiles and discusses the existing bibliography on the most common fungal diseases in fish, amphibians and crustaceans, emphasizing those that affect the eggs of cultures organisms and analyzing the natural antifungal agents used in vitro and in vivo in aquaculture.

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          Most cited references142

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          Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review.

          In vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella dysenteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at levels between 0.2 and 10 microl ml(-1). Gram-negative organisms are slightly less susceptible than gram-positive bacteria. A number of EO components has been identified as effective antibacterials, e.g. carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.05-5 microl ml(-1) in vitro. A higher concentration is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Studies with fresh meat, meat products, fish, milk, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and cooked rice have shown that the concentration needed to achieve a significant antibacterial effect is around 0.5-20 microl g(-1) in foods and about 0.1-10 microl ml(-1) in solutions for washing fruit and vegetables. EOs comprise a large number of components and it is likely that their mode of action involves several targets in the bacterial cell. The hydrophobicity of EOs enables them to partition in the lipids of the cell membrane and mitochondria, rendering them permeable and leading to leakage of cell contents. Physical conditions that improve the action of EOs are low pH, low temperature and low oxygen levels. Synergism has been observed between carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene and between cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Synergy between EO components and mild preservation methods has also been observed. Some EO components are legally registered flavourings in the EU and the USA. Undesirable organoleptic effects can be limited by careful selection of EOs according to the type of food.
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            Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment.

            The accelerated growth of finfish aquaculture has resulted in a series of developments detrimental to the environment and human health. The latter is illustrated by the widespread and unrestricted use of prophylactic antibiotics in this industry, especially in developing countries, to forestall bacterial infections resulting from sanitary shortcomings in fish rearing. The use of a wide variety of antibiotics in large amounts, including non-biodegradable antibiotics useful in human medicine, ensures that they remain in the aquatic environment, exerting their selective pressure for long periods of time. This process has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase of antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens, in the transfer of these resistance determinants to bacteria of land animals and to human pathogens, and in alterations of the bacterial flora both in sediments and in the water column. The use of large amounts of antibiotics that have to be mixed with fish food also creates problems for industrial health and increases the opportunities for the presence of residual antibiotics in fish meat and fish products. Thus, it appears that global efforts are needed to promote more judicious use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture as accumulating evidence indicates that unrestricted use is detrimental to fish, terrestrial animals, and human health and the environment.
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              Biodiversity: disease threat to European fish.

              The deliberate introduction of new species can have unexpected negative consequences and we show here how a recently introduced fish, the invasive Asian cyprinid Pseudorasbora parva, is causing increased mortality and totally inhibiting spawning in an already endangered native fish, the European cyprinid Leucaspius delineatus. This threat is caused by an infectious pathogen, a rosette-like intracellular eukaryotic parasite that is a deadly, non-specific agent. It is probably carried by healthy Asian fish, and could decrease fish biodiversity in Europe, as well as having implications for commercial aquaculture.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rivep
                Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú
                Rev. investig. vet. Perú
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria (Lima, , Peru )
                1609-9117
                January 2022
                : 33
                : 1
                : e20338
                Affiliations
                [1] La Plata, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV) orgdiv2Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva, Experimental y Comparada (LHYEDEC) Argentina
                [4] La Plata, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV) orgdiv2Instituto de Genética Veterinaria «Ingeniero Fernando N. Dulout» (IGEVET) Argentina
                [2] La Plata, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM) orgdiv2Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA) Argentina
                [3] La Plata, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata orgdiv1Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (FCE) orgdiv2Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM CONICET-UNLP) Argentina
                Article
                S1609-91172022000100002 S1609-9117(22)03300100002
                10.15381/rivep.v33i1.20338
                42b5b5e4-22e6-4240-a82b-6bbd6d75d9f6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Peru

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                Artículo de revisión

                aquaculture,medio ambiente,environment,micosis,terapias alternativas,ovas,acuicultura,eggs,alternative therapy,mycoses

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