A review of ultrasound-assisted extraction for plant bioactive compounds: Phenolics, flavonoids, thymols, saponins and proteins

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Abstract

<p class="first" id="d4122390e91">Plant bioactive compounds are important sources for the development of food, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Ultrasound-assisted extraction is one of the promising methods in the extraction of plant bioactive compounds. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction is accepted as a green extraction technique due to its high performance with less solvent and time consumption, as well as suitable for thermo-sensitive compounds. The objective of this paper is to review the recent advancement of ultrasound-assisted extraction for bioactive compounds from plant material. The mechanism and advantages of ultrasound-assisted extraction are discussed, particularly focusing on the extraction of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, thymols, saponins and proteins. Previous studies on the optimization of extraction variables are systematically reviewed to reveal their significant contribution to the yield and quality change of bioactive compounds. Ultrasonic technology has also been combined with other processing technologies to improve food quality, stability, safety and security. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction is effective to recover bioactive compounds from plant materials and enhance the processing of food industries. </p>

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Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review.

Farid Chemat, Natacha Rombaut, Anne-Gaëlle Sicaire … (2017)

This review presents a complete picture of current knowledge on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in food ingredients and products, nutraceutics, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and bioenergy applications. It provides the necessary theoretical background and some details about extraction by ultrasound, the techniques and their combinations, the mechanisms (fragmentation, erosion, capillarity, detexturation, and sonoporation), applications from laboratory to industry, security, and environmental impacts. In addition, the ultrasound extraction procedures and the important parameters influencing its performance are also included, together with the advantages and the drawbacks of each UAE techniques. Ultrasound-assisted extraction is a research topic, which affects several fields of modern plant-based chemistry. All the reported applications have shown that ultrasound-assisted extraction is a green and economically viable alternative to conventional techniques for food and natural products. The main benefits are decrease of extraction and processing time, the amount of energy and solvents used, unit operations, and CO2 emissions.

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Flavonoids as Anticancer Agents

Dalia Kopustinskiene, Valdas Jakstas, Arunas Savickas … (2020)

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds subdivided into 6 groups: isoflavonoids, flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, flavones and anthocyanidins found in a variety of plants. Fruits, vegetables, plant-derived beverages such as green tea, wine and cocoa-based products are the main dietary sources of flavonoids. Flavonoids have been shown to possess a wide variety of anticancer effects: they modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme activities, participate in arresting the cell cycle, induce apoptosis, autophagy, and suppress cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Flavonoids have dual action regarding ROS homeostasis—they act as antioxidants under normal conditions and are potent pro-oxidants in cancer cells triggering the apoptotic pathways and downregulating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. This article reviews the biochemical properties and bioavailability of flavonoids, their anticancer activity and its mechanisms of action.

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Plant Flavonoids: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity

Maria Dias, Diana Pinto, Artur Silva (2021)

In recent years, more attention has been paid to natural sources of antioxidants. Flavonoids are natural substances synthesized in several parts of plants that exhibit a high antioxidant capacity. They are a large family, presenting several classes based on their basic structure. Flavonoids have the ability to control the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via scavenger ROS when they are formed. Therefore, these antioxidant compounds have an important role in plant stress tolerance and a high relevance in human health, mainly due to their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In addition, flavonoids have several applications in the food industry as preservatives, pigments, and antioxidants, as well as in other industries such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. However, flavonoids application for industrial purposes implies extraction processes with high purity and quality. Several methodologies have been developed aimed at increasing flavonoid extraction yield and being environmentally friendly. This review presents the most abundant natural flavonoids, their structure and chemical characteristics, extraction methods, and biological activity.