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      Desigualdades geográficas e sociais na utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil Translated title: Social and geographical inequalities in health services utilization in Brazil

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          Abstract

          O consumo de serviços de saúde é função das necessidades e do comportamento dos indivíduos em relação a seus problemas de saúde, bem como das formas de financiamento e dos serviços e recursos disponíveis para a população. A Constituição brasileira de 1988 estabelece o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com base na institucionalização da universalidade da cobertura e do atendimento. O sistema foi implementado em 1990 e pode ser traduzido como igualdade de oportunidade de acesso aos serviços de saúde para necessidades iguais. Este trabalho estuda a eqüidade no uso de serviços de saúde a partir de duas dimensões: a geográfica e a social. Os dados utilizados são de pesquisas realizadas em 1989 e 1996-1997, pelo IBGE. Para avaliar as desigualdades geográficas no consumo de serviços de saúde foram calculadas taxas padronizadas de utilização de serviços. Comparou-se também a dimensão do gasto privado domiciliar com medicamentos e com planos de saúde. Para avaliar as desigualdades sociais, estimou-se a razão de odds para três grupos de renda e para as pessoas com e sem cobertura de plano de saúde. Observou-se pequena redução dos níveis de desigualdades no período analisado (1989-1996/1997), com o sistema de saúde atual mantendo-se caracterizado por marcadas iniqüidades.

          Translated abstract

          Health care service consumption is related not only to need and individuals' behavior, but also to factors associated to the supply side of health care market. The new Brazilian Constitution (1988) established the Unified Health Care System (SUS) which is based on universal access to health care services. The system was implemented in 1990. The principle of equity can be identified in the health sector legislation and can be translated as equal opportunity of access to equal needs. This study aimed at evaluating equity in the use of health care services considering two dimensions: geographical and social dimensions. Data came from two general household surveys carried out in 1989 and 1996/1997 by the Brazilian Census Bureau (IBGE). Standardized utilization rates controlled by morbidity and insurance coverage were used to analyze geographical variation. Private expenditure with health insurance and drugs was also compared. Logistic regression was used to test for social inequalities. Results of the study suggest small reduction in inequalities between 1989 and 1996/1997, indicating that Brazilian health care system remains highly unequal.

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          Preventable hospitalizations and access to health care.

          To examine whether the higher hospital admission rates for chronic medical conditions such as asthma, hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes in low-income communities resulted from community differences in access to care, prevalence of the diseases, propensity to seek care, or physician admitting style. Analysis of California hospital discharge data. We calculated the hospitalization rates for these five chronic conditions for the 250 ZIP code clusters that define urban California. We performed a random-digit telephone survey among adults residing in a random sample of 41 of these urban ZIP code clusters stratified by admission rates and a mailed survey of generalist and emergency physicians who practiced in the same 41 areas. Community based. A total of 6674 English- and Spanish-speaking adults aged 18 through 64 years residing in the 41 areas were asked about their access to care, their chronic medical conditions, and their propensity to seek health care. Physician admitting style was measured with written clinical vignettes among 723 generalist and emergency physicians practicing in the same communities. We compared respondents' reports of access to medical care in an area with the area's cumulative admission rate for these five chronic conditions. We then tested whether access to medical care remained independently associated with preventable hospitalization rates after controlling for the prevalence of the conditions, health care seeking, and physician practice style. Access to care was inversely associated with the hospitalization rates for the five chronic medical conditions (R2 = 0.50; P < .001). In a multivariate analysis that included a measure of access, the prevalence of conditions, health care seeking, and physician practice style to predict cumulative hospitalization rates for chronic medical conditions, both self-rated access to care (P < .002) and the prevalence of the conditions (P < .03) remained independent predictors. Communities where people perceive poor access to medical care have higher rates of hospitalization for chronic diseases. Improving access to care is more likely than changing patients' propensity to seek health care or eliminating variation in physician practice style to reduce hospitalization rates for chronic conditions.
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            Inequalities in health.

            M Marmot (2001)
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              The concepts and principles of equity and health.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                2000
                : 5
                : 1
                : 133-149
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Centro de Informação Científica e Tecnológica orgdiv2Departamento de Informações em Saúde Brazil claudia@ 123456malaria.procc.fiocruz.br
                [02] orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública orgdiv2Departamento de Administração e Planejamento em Saúde Brazil
                Article
                S1413-81232000000100012 S1413-8123(00)00500112
                10.1590/S1413-81232000000100012
                4283bdb1-9b95-4f07-b2e1-82eceb697d6c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Artigo

                Eqüidade,Private Expenditure on Health,Health Care Service Utilization,Health Policy,Health Care Service Consumption,Gasto Privado em Saúde,Utilização de Serviços de Saúde,Política de Saúde,Consumo de Serviços de Saúde,Equity

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