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      Recruitment and retention of young adult veteran drinkers using Facebook

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      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          The objective of this study was to describe the feasibility of using Facebook as a platform to recruit and retain young adult veteran drinkers into an online-alcohol use intervention study. Facebook’s wide accessibility and popularity among the age group that comprises the majority of veterans from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan make it a compelling resource through which research can extend its reach to this otherwise hard-to-reach group. We developed a series of Facebook advertisement campaigns to reach veteran drinkers not specifically searching for alcohol treatment. In doing so, we recruited 793 valid veteran participants in approximately two weeks for an advertising cost of $4.53 per obtained participant. The study sample consisted primarily of male veterans, between 19 and 34 years of age, who were drinking at moderate to heavy levels. Although about half of the sample reported mental health comorbidity, few had received any mental health or substance use treatment in the past year. Facebook appears to be a valuable mechanism through which to recruit young veterans with unmet behavioral health needs, although more specific efforts may be needed to engage certain types of veterans after initial study enrollment.

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          Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care.

          Charles W Hoge, Carl A Castro, Stephen C Messer … (2004)
          The current combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have involved U.S. military personnel in major ground combat and hazardous security duty. Studies are needed to systematically assess the mental health of members of the armed services who have participated in these operations and to inform policy with regard to the optimal delivery of mental health care to returning veterans. We studied members of four U.S. combat infantry units (three Army units and one Marine Corps unit) using an anonymous survey that was administered to the subjects either before their deployment to Iraq (n=2530) or three to four months after their return from combat duty in Iraq or Afghanistan (n=3671). The outcomes included major depression, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which were evaluated on the basis of standardized, self-administered screening instruments. Exposure to combat was significantly greater among those who were deployed to Iraq than among those deployed to Afghanistan. The percentage of study subjects whose responses met the screening criteria for major depression, generalized anxiety, or PTSD was significantly higher after duty in Iraq (15.6 to 17.1 percent) than after duty in Afghanistan (11.2 percent) or before deployment to Iraq (9.3 percent); the largest difference was in the rate of PTSD. Of those whose responses were positive for a mental disorder, only 23 to 40 percent sought mental health care. Those whose responses were positive for a mental disorder were twice as likely as those whose responses were negative to report concern about possible stigmatization and other barriers to seeking mental health care. This study provides an initial look at the mental health of members of the Army and the Marine Corps who were involved in combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Our findings indicate that among the study groups there was a significant risk of mental health problems and that the subjects reported important barriers to receiving mental health services, particularly the perception of stigma among those most in need of such care. Copyright 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans.

            Michelle J Bovin, Brian P Marx, Frank W Weathers … (2016)
            This study examined the psychometric properties of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5; Weathers, Litz, et al., 2013b) in 2 independent samples of veterans receiving care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (N = 468). A subsample of these participants (n = 140) was used to define a valid diagnostic cutoff score for the instrument using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5; Weathers, Blake, et al., 2013) as the reference standard. The PCL-5 test scores demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .96), test-retest reliability (r = .84), and convergent and discriminant validity. Consistent with previous studies (Armour et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2014), confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the data were best explained by a 6-factor anhedonia model and a 7-factor hybrid model. Signal detection analyses using the CAPS-5 revealed that PCL-5 scores of 31 to 33 were optimally efficient for diagnosing PTSD (κ(.5) = .58). Overall, the findings suggest that the PCL-5 is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be used effectively with veterans. Further, by determining a valid cutoff score using the CAPS-5, the PCL-5 can now be used to identify veterans with probable PTSD. However, findings also suggest the need for research to evaluate cluster structure of DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record
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              Social media-delivered sexual health intervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

              Colin Black, Robert Bull, Sarah Schmiege … (2012)
              Youth are using social media regularly and represent a group facing substantial risk for sexually transmitted infection (STI). Although there is evidence that the Internet can be used effectively in supporting healthy sexual behavior, this has not yet extended to social networking sites. To determine whether STI prevention messages delivered via Facebook are efficacious in preventing increases in sexual risk behavior at 2 and 6 months. Cluster RCT, October 2010-May 2011. Individuals (seeds) recruited in multiple settings (online, via newspaper ads and face-to-face) were asked to recruit three friends, who in turn recruited additional friends, extending three waves from the seed. Seeds and waves of friends were considered networks and exposed to either the intervention or control condition. Exposure to Just/Us, a Facebook page developed with youth input, or to control content on 18-24 News, a Facebook page with current events for 2 months. Condom use at last sex and proportion of sex acts protected by condoms. Repeated measures of nested data were used to model main effects of exposure to Just/Us and time by treatment interaction. A total of 1578 participants enrolled, with 14% Latino and 35% African-American; 75% of participants completed at least one study follow-up. Time by treatment effects were observed at 2 months for condom use (intervention 68% vs control 56%, p=0.04) and proportion of sex acts protected by condoms (intervention 63% vs control 57%, p=0.03) where intervention participation reduced the tendency for condom use to decrease over time. No effects were seen at 6 months. Social networking sites may be venues for efficacious health education interventions. More work is needed to understand what elements of social media are compelling, how network membership influences effects, and whether linking social media to clinical and social services can be beneficial. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.govNCT00725959. Copyright © 2012 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                John E. Mendelson: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0172972
                Affiliations
                [001]RAND Corporation, Department of Behavioral and Policy Sciences, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
                California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: EP GM.

                • Data curation: EP DN GM.

                • Formal analysis: EP DN.

                • Funding acquisition: EP GM.

                • Investigation: EP GM.

                • Methodology: EP GM.

                • Project administration: EP GM.

                • Resources: EP DN GM.

                • Supervision: EP GM.

                • Validation: EP DN.

                • Visualization: EP DN GM.

                • Writing – original draft: EP.

                • Writing – review & editing: EP DN GM.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-31898
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172972
                PMC ID: 5332067
                PubMed ID: 28249027
                SO-VID: 42757f9b-af7a-416d-b8ae-77ea1f3ffc0a
                Copyright © © 2017 Pedersen et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 9 August 2016
                Date accepted : 8 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000027, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism;
                Award ID: R34 AA022400
                Award Recipient :
                This work was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R34 AA022400, “Brief Online Intervention to Reduce Heavy Alcohol Use among Young Adult Veterans”) awarded to Eric R. Pedersen.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Communications
                Subject: Social Communication
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: Facebook
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Network Analysis
                Subject: Social Networks
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: Facebook
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Social Networks
                Subject: Social Media
                Subject: Facebook
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Political Science
                Subject: Governments
                Subject: Armed Forces
                Subject: Military Personnel
                Subject: Veterans
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Design
                Subject: Survey Research
                Subject: Surveys
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Political Science
                Subject: Governments
                Subject: Armed Forces
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Veteran Care
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Diet
                Subject: Alcohol Consumption
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Diet
                Subject: Alcohol Consumption
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Health Screening
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All data relevant to the study's findings are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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