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      Osmoregulated Chloride Currents in Hemocytes from Mytilus galloprovincialis

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          Abstract

          We investigated the biophysical properties of the transport mediated by ion channels in hemocytes from the hemolymph of the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Besides other transporters, mytilus hemocytes possess a specialized channel sensitive to the osmotic pressure with functional properties similar to those of other transport proteins present in vertebrates. As chloride fluxes may play an important role in the regulation of cell volume in case of modifications of the ionic composition of the external medium, we focused our attention on an inwardly-rectifying voltage-dependent, chloride-selective channel activated by negative membrane potentials and potentiated by the low osmolality of the external solution. The chloride channel was slightly inhibited by micromolar concentrations of zinc chloride in the bath solution, while the antifouling agent zinc pyrithione did not affect the channel conductance at all. This is the first direct electrophysiological characterization of a functional ion channel in ancestral immunocytes of mytilus, which may bring a contribution to the understanding of the response of bivalves to salt and contaminant stresses.

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          Most cited references37

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          SWELL1, a plasma membrane protein, is an essential component of volume-regulated anion channel.

          Maintenance of a constant cell volume in response to extracellular or intracellular osmotic changes is critical for cellular homeostasis. Activation of a ubiquitous volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) plays a key role in this process; however, its molecular identity in vertebrates remains unknown. Here, we used a cell-based fluorescence assay and performed a genome-wide RNAi screen to find components of VRAC. We identified SWELL1 (LRRC8A), a member of a four-transmembrane protein family with unknown function, as essential for hypotonicity-induced iodide influx. SWELL1 is localized to the plasma membrane, and its knockdown dramatically reduces endogenous VRAC currents and regulatory cell volume decrease in various cell types. Furthermore, point mutations in SWELL1 cause a significant change in VRAC anion selectivity, demonstrating that SWELL1 is an essential VRAC component. These findings enable further molecular characterization of the VRAC channel complex and genetic studies for understanding the function of VRAC in normal physiology and disease. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            VRACs and other ion channels and transporters in the regulation of cell volume and beyond.

            Cells need to regulate their volume to counteract osmotic swelling or shrinkage, as well as during cell division, growth, migration and cell death. Mammalian cells adjust their volume by transporting potassium, sodium, chloride and small organic osmolytes using plasma membrane channels and transporters. This generates osmotic gradients, which drive water in and out of cells. Key players in this process are volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs), the composition of which has recently been identified and shown to encompass LRRC8 heteromers. VRACs also transport metabolites and drugs and function in extracellular signal transduction, apoptosis and anticancer drug resistance.
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              CLC chloride channels and transporters: from genes to protein structure, pathology and physiology.

              CLC genes are expressed in species from bacteria to human and encode Cl(-)-channels or Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. CLC proteins assemble to dimers, with each monomer containing an ion translocation pathway. Some mammalian isoforms need essential beta -subunits (barttin and Ostm1). Crystal structures of bacterial CLC Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers, combined with transport analysis of mammalian and bacterial CLCs, yielded surprising insights into their structure and function. The large cytosolic carboxy-termini of eukaryotic CLCs contain CBS domains, which may modulate transport activity. Some of these have been crystallized. Mammals express nine CLC isoforms that differ in tissue distribution and subcellular localization. Some of these are plasma membrane Cl(-) channels, which play important roles in transepithelial transport and in dampening muscle excitability. Other CLC proteins localize mainly to the endosomal-lysosomal system where they may facilitate luminal acidification or regulate luminal chloride concentration. All vesicular CLCs may be Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers, as shown for the endosomal ClC-4 and -5 proteins. Human diseases and knockout mouse models have yielded important insights into their physiology and pathology. Phenotypes and diseases include myotonia, renal salt wasting, kidney stones, deafness, blindness, male infertility, leukodystrophy, osteopetrosis, lysosomal storage disease and defective endocytosis, demonstrating the broad physiological role of CLC-mediated anion transport.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 December 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 12
                : e0167972
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (IBF), Genova, Italy
                [2 ]Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (ISMAR), Genova, Italy
                Tokai University, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: FG AC MF.

                • Data curation: AC MV FS.

                • Formal analysis: FG AC.

                • Funding acquisition: FG AC MF MV.

                • Investigation: MB AC FS VP.

                • Methodology: FG AC MB MV FS.

                • Project administration: FG AC MB.

                • Resources: FG AC MF VP MV FS.

                • Software: AC MV FS.

                • Supervision: FG AC.

                • Validation: MB AC.

                • Visualization: FG AC MB FS MV VP.

                • Writing – original draft: FG AC.

                • Writing – review & editing: FG AC.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-0488
                Article
                PONE-D-16-33374
                10.1371/journal.pone.0167972
                5148081
                27936151
                422d88d9-1916-4227-bd37-17109dc96346
                © 2016 Bregante et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 August 2016
                : 23 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: Italian Progetti di Ricerca di Interesse Nazionale
                Award ID: PRIN2010CSJX4F
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Compagnia di San Paolo Research Foundation (ROL 291)
                Award ID: ROL 291
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: RITMARE (Ricerca Italiana per il MARE) Flagship Project, a National Research Programme funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Italian Progetti di Ricerca di Interesse Nazionale
                Award ID: 2015795S5W_003
                Award Recipient :
                AC was supported by the Italian “Progetti di Ricerca di Interesse Nazionale” (PRIN2010CSJX4F and PRIN 2015795S5W_003), as well as the Compagnia di San Paolo Research Foundation (ROL 291). MF was supported by RITMARE (Ricerca Italiana per il MARE) Flagship Project, a National Research Programme funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Chlorides
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Blood Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Hemocytes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Hemocytes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Hemocytes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                Hemocytes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Electrophysiology
                Membrane Potential
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Electrophysiology
                Membrane Potential
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Elements
                Zinc
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Pressure
                Osmotic Pressure
                Engineering and Technology
                Equipment
                Laboratory Equipment
                Pipettes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Molluscs
                Bivalves
                Earth Sciences
                Hydrology
                Sea Water
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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