Breakfast consumption is often examined when researching adolescent dietary intakes
and overall health. However, fewer studies have examined the relationship between
breakfast and obesity, particularly over time and in relation to weight outcomes in
young adulthood. In addition, little is known about contextual factors influencing
the likelihood of adolescents consuming breakfast on a regular basis.
The present study assessed individuals' breakfast consumption patterns and obesity
status during adolescence and young adulthood. Analyses included the context in which
breakfast consumption took place, specifically community and family factors.
Participants' breakfast consumption patterns and obesity status were assessed at two
developmental time points--adolescence (Wave 2) and young adulthood (Wave 3). Community
disadvantage, family poverty, race, sex, and a parent's morning presence in the home,
were examined for association with breakfast consumption.
Data used in this study (n=7,788) were derived from the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative study of adolescents. Data were
collected as follows: Wave 1 (September 1994 to April 1995), Wave 2 (April 1996 to
August 1996), and Wave 3 (August 2001 to April 2002). The final sample ranged in age
from 12 to 19 years during Wave 2 and 18 to 26 years during Wave 3.
Multilevel random intercept regression models were used to examine the association
between community, parental, and individual predictors on adolescent and young adult
weight outcomes.
Adolescent regular breakfast consumption significantly predicted young adult regular
breakfast consumption (P<0.001) and an important factor associated with adolescents
eating breakfast was having at least one parent home in the morning. Regular consumption
during both developmental periods provided considerable protection from obesity during
adolescence and young adulthood (ie, chronic obesity). Residing in disadvantaged communities
decreased the odds adolescents would eat breakfast during adolescence and increased
their chances for chronic obesity. African Americans were less likely to eat breakfast
during adolescence and young adulthood, while also being at greater risk for chronic
obesity compared to whites.
Results indicate that low-income youth in disadvantaged communities, especially African
Americans, should be specifically targeted for nutrition interventions related to
breakfast consumption. In addition, parental promotion of breakfast at home and/or
engagement with schools to develop or strengthen school-based breakfast programs may
be a powerful addition to nutrition interventions for youth at risk for lifelong struggles
with obesity and other nutrition-related problems.