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      Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the auditory cortex modulates GABA and glutamate: a 7 T MR-spectroscopy study

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          Abstract

          Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the most prominent non-invasive electrical brain stimulation method to alter neuronal activity as well as behavioral processes in cognitive and perceptual domains. However, the exact mode of action of tDCS-related cortical alterations is still unclear as the results of tDCS studies often do not comply with the somatic doctrine assuming that anodal tDCS enhances while cathodal tDCS decreases neuronal excitability. Changes in the regional cortical neurotransmitter balance within the stimulated cortex, measured by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, have the potential to provide direct neurochemical underpinnings of tDCS effects. Here we assessed tDCS-induced modulations of the neurotransmitter concentrations in the human auditory cortex (AC) by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultra-high-field (7 T). We quantified inhibitory gamma-amino butyric (GABA) concentration and excitatory glutamate (Glu) and compared changes in the relative concentration of GABA to Glu before and after tDCS application. We found that both, anodal and cathodal tDCS significantly increased the relative concentration of GABA to Glu with individual temporal specificity. Our results offer novel insights for a potential neurochemical mechanism that underlies tDCS-induced alterations of AC processing.

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          Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation.

          Since the rediscovery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) about 10 years ago, interest in tDCS has grown exponentially. A noninvasive stimulation technique that induces robust excitability changes within the stimulated cortex, tDCS is increasingly being used in proof-of-principle and stage IIa clinical trials in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Alongside these clinical studies, detailed work has been performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. In this review, the authors bring together the results from these pharmacological, neurophysiological, and imaging studies to describe their current knowledge of the physiological effects of tDCS. In addition, the theoretical framework for how tDCS affects motor learning is proposed.
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            Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation

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              Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans.

              The authors show that in the human transcranial direct current stimulation is able to induce sustained cortical excitability elevations. As revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor cortical excitability increased approximately 150% above baseline for up to 90 minutes after the end of stimulation. The feasibility of inducing long-lasting excitability modulations in a noninvasive, painless, and reversible way makes this technique a potentially valuable tool in neuroplasticity modulation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                tino.zaehle@ovgu.de
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                18 November 2020
                18 November 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 20111
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5807.a, ISNI 0000 0001 1018 4307, Department of Neurology, , Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, ; Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.418723.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2109 6265, Combinatorial Neuroimaging Core Facility, , Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, ; Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.452320.2, Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, ; Universitätsplatz 2, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
                Article
                77111
                10.1038/s41598-020-77111-0
                7674467
                33208867
                41d39407-4715-477e-ad9f-1242fc4607c1
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 14 April 2020
                : 4 November 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: ZA 626/2‐1
                Funded by: Projekt DEAL
                Categories
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                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                auditory system,inhibition-excitation balance,neurophysiology
                Uncategorized
                auditory system, inhibition-excitation balance, neurophysiology

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