[1
]Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies,
University of Palermo, (
https://ror.org/044k9ta02)
90123 Palermo, Italy
[2
]Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research,
National Cancer Centre Singapore, (
https://ror.org/03bqk3e80)
Singapore, 169610 Singapore
[3
]Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of
Singapore, (
https://ror.org/01tgyzw49)
Singapore, 117597 Singapore
[4
]Department of Medical
Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, (
https://ror.org/02yrq0923)
New York, NY USA
[5
]Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University
of Singapore, (
https://ror.org/01tgyzw49)
Singapore, 117600 Singapore
[6
]NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, (
https://ror.org/01tgyzw49)
Singapore, 119228 Singapore
[7
]School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, (
https://ror.org/05pxcn248)
Singapore, 139651 Singapore
[8
]Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, (
https://ror.org/01tgyzw49)
Singapore, 117599 Singapore
[9
]Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, (
https://ror.org/01tgyzw49)
Singapore, 117456 Singapore
[10
]Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, (
https://ror.org/01tgyzw49)
Singapore, 119228 Singapore
[11
]School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National
Taiwan University, (
https://ror.org/05bqach95)
Taipei, 10051 Taiwan
[12
]Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, (
https://ror.org/01tgyzw49)
Singapore, 117456 Singapore
[13
]First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), (
https://ror.org/01tvm6f46)
Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
[14
]Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, UMC, Vrije Universiteit,
HV Amsterdam, (
https://ror.org/008xxew50)
1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
[15
]Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana Per La Scienza, 56017 San Giuliano, Italy
[16
]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center,
(
https://ror.org/0499dwk57)
Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
[17
]Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, University at Buffalo & Roswell Park
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
[18
]Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, (
https://ror.org/01an3r305)
Pittsburgh, PA USA
[19
]Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, (
https://ror.org/02mhxa927)
Guangzhou, Guangdong China
[20
]National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte
Hospital, (
https://ror.org/051dzw862)
Herlev, Denmark
[21
]Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical
College, The Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang-Fudan International Innovation Center,
Fudan University, (
https://ror.org/013q1eq08)
Shanghai, China
[22
]Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, (
https://ror.org/041kmwe10)
London, W12 0BZ UK
[23
]Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, (
https://ror.org/02qp3tb03)
Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
[24
]Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, (
https://ror.org/03vek6s52)
Boston, MA USA
[25
]Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, (
https://ror.org/00hj8s172)
New York, NY USA
[26
]Department of Cancer Medicine, Inserm U981, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université
Paris-Saclay, (
https://ror.org/03xjwb503)
Villejuif, France
[27
]Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, (
https://ror.org/03xjwb503)
Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
[28
]Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, (
https://ror.org/03v76x132)
New Haven, CT USA
[29
]Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology,
Weill Cornell Medicine, (
https://ror.org/02r109517)
New York, NY USA
[30
]Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Parker Institute for
Cancer Immunotherapy, Weill Cornell Medicine, (
https://ror.org/05bnh6r87)
New York, NY USA
[31
]Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, (
https://ror.org/02yrq0923)
New York, NY USA
[32
]Tissue and Tumor Microenvironment Group, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall
Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, (
https://ror.org/01q496a73)
Oxford, OX3 9DS UK
License:
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution
and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to
the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence,
and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under
this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The
images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s
Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended
use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will
need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this
licence, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.