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      Serological evidence of exposure to some zoonotic microorganisms in cattle and humans with occupational exposure to livestock in Antioquia, Colombia Translated title: Evidências sorológicas de exposição a alguns microrganismos zoonóticos em bovinos e em humanos com exposição ocupacional ao gado na Antióquia, Colômbia Translated title: Evidencia serológica de exposición a algunos microorganismos zoonóticos en bovinos y humanos con exposición ocupacional a ganadería en Antioquia, Colombia

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          Abstract

          Bacteria belonging to Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia and Coxiella genera are considered emerging pathogens and livestock is one of the contexts where the transmission of these microorganisms can occur. The goal of this study was to determine serological evidence for the exposure to these bacteria in cattle and humans with occupational exposure to livestock in the subregions North and Magdalena Medio, Antioquia, Colombia, and to explore related factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 48 livestock farms distributed in six municipalities from both subregions: Belmira, Entrerríos and San Pedro de los Milagros (North), and Puerto Berrío, Puerto Nare and Puerto Triunfo (Magdalena Medio). Blood samples from 332 people and 384 bovines were evaluated by serology (IgM and IgG) screening for bacteria from the Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Coxiella genera. Seropositivity in humans from both regions was 42.4% (95%CI: 31.2-55.1) for Anaplasma, 74.2% (95%CI: 66.0-84.4) for Ehrlichia, 72.5% (95%CI: 62.1-82.0) for Rickettsia, and 60.7% (95%CI: 59.7-69.1) for Coxiella burnetii. In cattle, seropositivity was 31.6% (95%CI: 19.9-44.2), 66.8% (95%CI: 55.2-78.1), 64.6% (95%CI: 53.8-74.5), and 61.6% (95%CI: 51.9-69.2), respectively. History of biting by ticks, milking, vaccination, having dogs and hens in the residence, as well as the consumption of raw milk derivatives were some factors associated with the infection by the bacteria studied. The results suggest a previous and recent exposure to these zoonotic bacteria genera in people with occupational exposure to livestock, as well as in cattle in the two studied subregions.

          Translated abstract

          As bactérias dos gêneros Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia e Coxiella são considerados patógenos emergentes, e a transmissão desses microrganismos pode ocorrer no contexto da pecuária. O estudo teve como objetivos determinar as evidências sorológicas de exposição a essas bactérias em bovinos e em humanos com exposição ocupacional ao gado nas sub-regiões Norte e Magdalena Médio, Antióquia, Colômbia, e explorar fatores associados. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 48 fazendas de gado bovino distribuídas em seis municípios nas duas sub-regiões: Belmira, Entrerríos e San Pedro de los Milagros (Norte) e Puerto Berrío, Puerto Nare e Puerto Triunfo (Magdalena Médio). Amostras de sangue de 332 humanos e 384 bovinos foram analisadas com sorologia (IgM e IgG) para bactérias dos gêneros Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia e Coxiella. Os níveis de sorologia positiva em humanos das duas regiões foram de 42,4% (IC95%: 31,2-55,1) para Anaplasma, 74,2% (IC95%: 66,0-84,4) para Ehrlichia, 72,5% (IC95%: 62,1-82,0) para Rickettsia e 60,7% (IC95%: 59,7-69,1) para Coxiella burnetii. Nos bovinos, os níveis foram 31,6% (IC95%: 19,9-44,2), 66,8% (IC95%: 55,2-78,1), 64,6% (IC95%: 53,8-74,5) e 61,6% (IC95%: 51,9-69,2), respectivamente. Os fatores associados às bactérias estudadas foram: história de picada de carrapato, ordenha, vacinação, presença de cães e galinhas no domicílio e consumo de laticínios feitos com leite cru, entre outros. Os resultados sugerem exposição prévia e recente a esses gêneros bacterianos zoonóticos em pessoas com contato ocupacional com gado, assim como nos próprios animais, nas duas sub-regiões estudadas.

          Translated abstract

          Las bacterias pertenecientes a los géneros Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia y Coxiella son consideradas patógenos emergentes y la ganadería es uno de los contextos donde se puede producir la transmisión de este tipo de microorganismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la evidencia serológica, debida a la exposición a estas bacterias en bovinos y humanos con exposición ocupacional a ganadería en las subregiones Norte y Magdalena Medio, Antioquia, Colombia, además de estudiar los factores relacionados. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 48 fincas ganaderas, distribuidas en seis municipios de ambas subregiones: Belmira, Entrerríos y San Pedro de los Milagros (Norte), y Puerto Berrío, Puerto Nare y Puerto Triunfo (Magdalena Medio). Las muestras de sangre de 332 personas y 384 bovinos fueron evaluadas mediante tamización serológica (IgM e IgG) para la detección de bacterias de los géneros Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, y Coxiella. La seropositividad en humanos de ambas regiones fue 42,4% (IC95%: 31,2-55,1) en el caso de Anaplasma, un 74,2% (IC95%: 66,0-84,4) en Ehrlichia, un 72,5% (IC95%: 62,1-82,0) en Rickettsia, y un 60,7% (IC95%: 59,7-69,1) en Coxiella burnetii. En los bovinos, la seropositividad fue 31,6% (IC95%: 19,9-44,2), 66,8% (IC95%: 55,2-78,1), 64,6% (IC95%: 53,8-74,5), y 61,6% (IC95%: 51,9-69,2), respectivamente. El antecedente de haber sido mordido por garrapatas, ordeñar, vacunación, tener perros y gallinas en la residencia, así como el consumo de derivados de leche cruda fueron algunos de los factores asociados con la infección por las bacterias estudiadas. Los resultados sugieren la exposición previa y reciente a estas bacterias en personas con una exposición ocupacional a la ganadería, así como a los bovinos en las dos subregiones estudiadas.

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          The natural history of Anaplasma marginale.

          The intracellular pathogen Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), described by Sir Arnold Theiler in 1910, is endemic worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas. Infection of cattle with A. marginale causes bovine anaplasmosis, a mild to severe hemolytic disease that results in considerable economic loss to both dairy and beef industries. Transmission of A. marginale to cattle occurs biologically by ticks and mechanically by biting flies and by blood-contaminated fomites. Both male ticks and cattle hosts become persistently infected with A. marginale and serve as reservoirs of infection. While erythrocytes are the major site of infection in cattle, A. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks that begins by infection of gut cells, and transmission to susceptible hosts occurs from salivary glands during feeding. Major surface proteins (MSPs) play a crucial role in the interaction of A. marginale with host cells, and include adhesion proteins and MSPs from multigene families that undergo antigenic change and selection in cattle, thus contributing to maintenance of persistent infections. Many geographic strains of A. marginale have been identified worldwide, which vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. Isolates of A. marginale may be maintained by independent transmission events and a mechanism of infection/exclusion in cattle and ticks. The increasing numbers of A. marginale genotypes identified in some geographic regions most likely resulted from intensive cattle movement. However, concurrent A. marginale strain infections in cattle was reported, but these strains were more distantly related. Phylogenetic studies of selected geographic isolates of A. marginale, using msp4 and msp1alpha, provided information about the biogeography and evolution of A. marginale, and msp1alpha genotypes appear to have evolved under positive selection pressure. Live and killed vaccines have been used for control of anaplasmosis and both types of vaccines have advantages and disadvantages. Vaccines have effectively prevented clinical anaplasmosis in cattle but have failed to block A. marginale infection. Vaccines are needed that can prevent clinical disease and, simultaneously, prevent infection in cattle and ticks, thus eliminating these hosts as reservoirs of infection. Advances in genomics, proteomics, immunology and biochemical and molecular technologies during the last decade have been applied to research on A. marginale and related organisms, and the recent development of a cell culture system for A. marginale has provided a format for studying the pathogen/tick interface. Recent advancements and new research methodologies should provide additional opportunities for development of new strategies for control and prevention of bovine anaplasmosis.
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            A review of bovine anaplasmosis.

            Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is an infectious but non-contagious disease. It is spread through tick bites or by the mechanical transfer of fresh blood from infected to susceptible cattle from biting flies or by blood-contaminated fomites including needles, ear tagging, dehorning and castration equipment. Transplacental transmission of A. marginale may contribute to the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis in some regions. Bovine anaplasmosis occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to infection with A. marginale, but the severity of disease increases with age. Once cattle of any age become infected with A. marginale, they remain persistently infected carriers for life. Diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis can be made by demonstration of A. marginale on stained blood smears from clinically infected animals during the acute phase of the disease, but it is not reliable for detecting infection in pre-symptomatic or carrier animals. In these instances, the infection is generally diagnosed by serologic demonstration of antibodies with confirmation by molecular detection methods. The susceptibility of wild ruminants to infection by A. marginale and the role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis are incompletely known owing to lack of published research, lack of validation of diagnostic tests for these species and cross-reaction of Anaplasma spp. antibodies in serologic tests. Control measures for bovine anaplasmosis vary with geographical location and include maintenance of Anaplasma-free herds, vector control, administration of antibiotics and vaccination. © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada.
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              The natural history of Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

              Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, Ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, after the recent reorganization of the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales. Tick-borne fever (TBF), which is caused by the prototype of A. phagocytophilum, was first described in 1932 in Scotland. A similar disease caused by a related granulocytic agent was first described in horses in the USA in 1969; this was followed by the description of two distinct granulocytic agents causing similar diseases in dogs in the USA in 1971 and 1982. Until the discovery of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) in the USA in 1994, these organisms were thought to be distinct species of bacteria infecting specific domestic animals and free-living reservoirs. It is now widely accepted that the agents affecting different animal hosts are variants of the same Gram-negative obligatory intracellular bacterium, which is transmitted by hard ticks belonging to the Ixodes persulcatus complex. One of its fascinating features is that it infects and actively grows in neutrophils by employing an array of mechanisms to subvert their bactericidal activity. It is also able to survive within an apparently immune host by employing a complex mechanism of antigenic variation. Ruminants with TBF and humans with HGA develop severe febrile reaction, bacteraemia and leukopenia due to neutropenia, lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia within a week of exposure to a tick bite. Because of the severe haematological disorders lasting for several days and other adverse effects on the host's immune functions, infected animals and humans are more susceptible to other infections.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                October 2018
                : 34
                : 10
                : e00193617
                Affiliations
                [2] Medellín Antioquía orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia orgdiv1Escuela de Microbiología Colombia
                [3] Medellín orgnameCOLANTA orgdiv1Departamento de Asistencia Técnica Colombia
                [1] Medellín orgnameUniversidad Pontificia Bolivariana orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                Article
                S0102-311X2018001005006
                10.1590/0102-311x00193617
                30329003
                4110e9ee-4dfd-42de-a879-80a01076f7df

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 June 2018
                : 09 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Public Health


                Serology,Cattle,Occupational Health,Zoonosis,Serología,Bovinos,Salud Laboral,Zoonoses,Sorologia,Saúde do Trabalhador

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