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      Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions Translated title: Carga de trastornos musculoesqueléticos importantes Translated title: Charge de morbidité liée aux affections majeures du système ostéo-articulaire

      research-article
      ,
      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      Enfermedades musculoesqueléticas, Enfermedades musculoesqueléticas, Osteoartritis, Osteoartritis, Artritis reumatoidea, Artritis reumatoidea, Osteoporosis, Osteoporosis, Fracturas, Dolor de la región lumbar, Dolor de la región lumbar, Costo de la enfermedad, Factores de riesgo, Appareil locomoteur, Maladies, Maladies, Arthrose, Arthrose, Polyarthrite rhumatoïde, Polyarthrite rhumatoïde, Ostéoporose, Ostéoporose, Fracture, Lombalgie, Lombalgie, Coût maladie, Facteur risque, Musculoskeletal diseases, Musculoskeletal diseases, Osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheumatoid, Arthritis Rheumatoid, Osteoporosis, Osteoporosis, Fractures, Low back pain, Low back pain, Cost of illness, Risk factors

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          Abstract

          Musculoskeletal conditions are a major burden on individuals, health systems, and social care systems, with indirect costs being predominant. This burden has been recognized by the United Nations and WHO, by endorsing the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010. This paper describes the burden of four major musculoskeletal conditions: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and low back pain. Osteoarthritis, which is characterized by loss of joint cartilage that leads to pain and loss of function primarily in the knees and hips, affects 9.6% of men and 18% of women aged >60 years. Increases in life expectancy and ageing populations are expected to make osteoarthritis the fourth leading cause of disability by the year 2020. Joint replacement surgery, where available, provides effective relief. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition that usually affects multiple joints. It affects 0.3-1.0% of the general population and is more prevalent among women and in developed countries. Persistent inflammation leads to joint destruction, but the disease can be controlled with drugs. The incidence may be on the decline, but the increase in the number of older people in some regions makes it difficult to estimate future prevalence. Osteoporosis, which is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, is a major risk factor for fractures of the hip, vertebrae, and distal forearm. Hip fracture is the most detrimental fracture, being associated with 20% mortality and 50% permanent loss in function. Low back pain is the most prevalent of musculoskeletal conditions; it affects nearly everyone at some point in time and about 4-33% of the population at any given point. Cultural factors greatly influence the prevalence and prognosis of low back pain.

          Translated abstract

          Las trastornos musculoesqueléticos constituyen una pesada carga para los individuos, los sistemas de salud y los sistemas de asistencia social, y entre sus consecuencias predominan los costos indirectos. Esta carga ha sido reconocida por las Naciones Unidas y la OMS, con el respaldo del Decenio de los Huesos y las Articulaciones. En el presente artículo se describe la carga correspondiente a cuatro trastornos musculoesqueléticos importantes: la osteoartritis, la artritis reumatoide, la osteoporosis y la lumbalgia. La osteoartritis, que se caracteriza por una pérdida de cartílago articular que provoca dolor y pérdida funcional a nivel sobre todo de las rodillas y las caderas, afecta a un 9,6% de los hombres y un 18% de las mujeres > 60 años. Se prevé que el aumento de la esperanza de vida y el envejecimiento de la población harán de la osteoartritis la cuarta causa de discapacidad en el año 2020. La cirugía de reemplazo articular, cuando es viable, proporciona un alivio eficaz. La artritis reumatoide es un trastorno inflamatorio que afecta generalmente a varias articulaciones. La sufre un 0,3-1,0% de la población general, y es más frecuente entre las mujeres y en los países desarrollados. La inflamación persistente conduce a la destrucción de la articulación, pero la enfermedad puede controlarse con medicamentos. Parece que la incidencia está disminuyendo, pero el aumento del número de personas mayores en algunas regiones hace difícil estimar cuál será la prevalencia en el futuro. La osteoporosis, que se caracteriza por una baja masa ósea y por el deterioro de la microarquitectura ósea, es un importante factor de riesgo de fracturas de la cadera, la columna y la parte distal del antebrazo. La fractura de cadera es la más grave, pues se asocia a una mortalidad del 20% y a una pérdida funcional permanente en el 50% de los casos. La lumbalgia es el trastorno musculoesquelético más frecuente; afecta a casi todo el mundo en algún momento de la vida, y aproximadamente al 4-33% de la población en un momento dado. Los factores culturales influyen enormemente en la prevalencia y el pronóstico de lumbalgia.

          Translated abstract

          Les affections ostéo-articulaires représentent une lourde charge pour les individus, les systèmes de santé et les systèmes de sécurité sociale, compte tenu surtout des coûts indirects qui s’ensuivent. L'Organisation des Nations Unies et l’OMS, reconnaissant l’importance de ces affections, ont apporté leur soutien à la Décennie de l'os et de l'articulation. Le présent article décrit le fardeau que représentent quatre affections majeures du système ostéo-articulaire : l’arthrose, la polyarthrite rhumatoïde, l’ostéoporose et la lombalgie. L’arthrose, qui est caractérisée par une détérioration des cartilages articulaires, responsable de douleurs et de perte fonctionnelle essentiellement au niveau du genou et de la hanche, touche 9,6 % des hommes et 18 % des femmes de plus de 60 ans. L’augmentation de l’espérance de vie et le vieillissement des populations devraient porter l’arthrose au quatrième rang des causes d'incapacité d’ici à 2020. La chirurgie de remplacement, lorsqu’elle est disponible, entraîne un soulagement réel. La polyarthrite rhumatoïde est un état inflammatoire qui affecte généralement plusieurs articulations. Elle concerne entre 0,3 et 1,0 % de la population générale et touche plus particulièrement les femmes, dans les pays développés. L’inflammation chronique conduit à la destruction de l’articulation mais l’évolution de la maladie peut être enrayée par des médicaments. Si l’incidence est en baisse, l’augmentation du nombre des personnes âgées dans certaines régions ne facilite pas l’évaluation de la prévalence future de cette affection. L’ostéoporose, qui se caractérise par une diminution de la masse osseuse et une détérioration de la microarchitecture du tissu osseux, constitue un facteur de risque majeur de fracture de la hanche, des vertèbres et de la partie distale de l'avant-bras. La fracture de la hanche est la plus préjudiciable car elle est associée à une mortalité de 20 % et à une perte fonctionnelle irréversible de 50 %. La lombalgie est l'affection ostéo-articulaire la plus courante ; elle concerne presque tout le monde à un moment quelconque de la vie et de 4 à 33 % environ de la population à un moment donné. La prévalence et le pronostic de la lombalgie dépendent étroitement de facteurs culturels.

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          Most cited references121

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          The american rheumatism association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis

          The revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were formulated from a computerized analysis of 262 contemporary, consecutively studied patients with RA and 262 control subjects with rheumatic diseases other than RA (non-RA). The new criteria are as follows: 1) morning stiffness in and around joints lasting at least 1 hour before maximal improvement; 2) soft tissue swelling (arthritis) of 3 or more joint areas observed by a physician; 3) swelling (arthritis) of the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, or wrist joints; 4) symmetric swelling (arthritis); 5) rheumatoid nodules; 6) the presence of rheumatoid factor; and 7) radiographic erosions and/or periarticular osteopenia in hand and/or wrist joints. Criteria 1 through 4 must have been present for at least 6 weeks. Rheumatoid arthritis is defined by the presence of 4 or more criteria, and no further qualifications (classic, definite, or probable) or list of exclusions are required. In addition, a "classification tree" schema is presented which performs equally as well as the traditional (4 of 7) format. The new criteria demonstrated 91-94% sensitivity and 89% specificity for RA when compared with non-RA rheumatic disease control subjects.
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            The global burden for disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020

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              Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association.

              For the purposes of classification, it should be specified whether osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is of unknown origin (idiopathic, primary) or is related to a known medical condition or event (secondary). Clinical criteria for the classification of idiopathic OA of the knee were developed through a multicenter study group. Comparison diagnoses included rheumatoid arthritis and other painful conditions of the knee, exclusive of referred or para-articular pain. Variables from the medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and radiographs were used to develop sets of criteria that serve different investigative purposes. In contrast to prior criteria, these proposed criteria utilize classification trees, or algorithms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                September 2003
                : 81
                : 9
                : 646-656
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameRoyal Cornwall Hospital England woolfa@ 123456dialin.net
                [01] orgnamePeninsula Medical School
                [04] Geneva orgnameWorld Health Organization orgdiv1Management of Noncommunicable Diseases Switzerland
                [02] orgnameDuke of Cornwall Department of Rheumatology
                Article
                S0042-96862003000900007 S0042-9686(03)08100907
                40ff2118-1093-4ea1-8a3d-56fc4f40dce3

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 69, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Policy and Practice

                Risk factors,Cost of illness,Low back pain,Fractures,Osteoporosis,Arthritis Rheumatoid,Osteoarthritis,Musculoskeletal diseases,Facteur risque,Coût maladie,Lombalgie,Fracture,Ostéoporose,Polyarthrite rhumatoïde,Arthrose,Maladies,Appareil locomoteur,Factores de riesgo,Costo de la enfermedad,Dolor de la región lumbar,Fracturas,Artritis reumatoidea,Osteoartritis,Enfermedades musculoesqueléticas

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