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      Detección de Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis, por medio de PCR-anidada a partir de muestras de heces de ovinos Translated title: Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by nested-PCR of ovine fecal samples

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          Abstract

          La paratuberculosis es una enteritis granulomatosa de curso crónico ocasionada por Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis (Map), afecta a rumiantes domésticos y silvestres. Map es excretada en las heces de animales que desarrollan la enfermedad, y la transmisión de la infección se da mediante la ingestión de alimentos y agua contaminados por heces de animales infectados. Con el objetivo de establecer el diagnóstico de paratuberculosis en ovinos por medio de la PCR-anidada a partir de muestras de heces, se trabajaron 204 muestras de heces y sueros de ovinos; las heces se evaluaron por PCR-anidada y cultivo bacteriológico, las muestras de sueros fueron analizadas por medio de inmunodifusión en agar gel (lDGA). Con la PCR-anidada se obtuvo un producto de amplificación 210 pb que corresponde a la IS900 de Map, en 61 de las 204 muestras. De éstas, 43 eran de animales positivos a IDGA y 18 negativos. Mediante cultivo bacteriológico se aislaron 17 cepas de Map; en este contexto, la IDGA detectó a 91 animales como positivos. La PCR-anidada permitió detectar en menor tiempo a mayor cantidad de animales que estaban eliminando al bacilo, aun cuando habían resultado negativos a la prueba serológica; este resultado se considera importante, ya que generalmente estos animales, al permanecer dentro de la granja, constituyen la principal fuente de infección para el rebaño. Se debe considerar a la PCR-anidada como alternativa, cuando se requiera el diagnóstico en breve tiempo, para conocer el estado sanitario del rebaño con respecto a paratuberculosis.

          Translated abstract

          Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which affects wild and domestic ruminants. Map is shed in feces from infected animals. Transmission of the infection takes place by oral ingestion of the bacterium from contaminated food and water with feces. With the objective to establish a paratuberculosis diagnosis in ovine by nested-PCR from fecal samples, 204 fecal and serum ovine samples were studied. Feces were evaluated by nested-PCR and bacterial culture, serum samples were analyzed by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). Nested-PCR yielded a 210 bp amplification product that corresponds to Map-IS900, in 61 out of 204 samples. From these, 43 were from AGID positive animals and 18 from negative animals. Seventeen Map strains were isolated by bacterial culture and AGID detected 91 positive animals. Nested-PCR allowed to detect, sooner, greater number of animals shedding bacillus, even when they had resulted negative to the serological test. This result is considered important because generally these animals, while remaining in the farm, constitute the main source of infection for the herd. Nested-PCR should be considered as an alternative, when a prompt result is required to know the health status of the herd with respect to paratuberculosis.

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          Paratuberculosis.

          Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic, wasting, widespread mycobacteriosis of ruminants. It involves extensive mycobacterial shedding, which accounts for the high contagiousness, and ends with a fatal enteritis. Decreases in weight, milk production, and fertility produce severe economic loss. The DNA of the etiological agent (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) has a base composition (66 to 67% G+C) within the range of that of mycobacteria (62 to 70% G+C), a size (4.4 x 10(6) to 4.7 x 10(6) bp) larger than that of most pathogenic mycobacteria (2.0 x 10(6) to 4.2 x 10(6) bp), and a high relatedness (> 90%) to Mycobacterium avium DNA. However, the DNAs of the two organisms can be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. M. paratuberculosis genes coding for a transposase, a cell wall-associated protein (P34), and two heat shock proteins have been cloned and sequenced. Nucleic acid probes (two of which are species specific) are used, after PCR amplification, for M. paratuberculosis identification in stools and milk. As in leprosy, with disease progression, cellular immune reactions decrease and humoral immune reactions increase. Cutaneous testing with sensitins, lymphocyte proliferation assays, and cytokine tests are used to monitor cellular immune reactions in paratuberculosis, but these tests lack specificity. Complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and enzymometric tests based on antibodies to M. paratuberculosis extracts, to mycobacterial antigen complex A36, to glycolipids, and to proteins help identify affected cattle but are not species specific. The carboxyl-terminal portion of the 34-kDa cell wall-associated A36 protein (P34) carries species-specific B-cell epitopes and is the basis for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis are also used in Crohn's disease, a chronic human ileitis mimicking Johne's disease, in which isolates identified as M. paratuberculosis have been found.
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            Use of highly specific DNA probes and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Johne's disease.

            DNA probes that hybridize to a mycobacterial insertion sequence, IS900, present in multiple copies in the genome of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were found to be highly specific for M. paratuberculosis. DNA sequences derived from IS900 were used to prepare DNA primers for detection and identification of M. paratuberculosis by the polymerase chain reaction. Highly specific direct detection of M. paratuberculosis DNA in feces from cattle with Johne's disease was obtained. The polymerase chain reaction test had a sensitivity equal to or greater than that obtained by standard culture techniques and was much more rapid, taking only hours compared with 6 to 12 weeks for culture.
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              Use of pooled fecal culture for sensitive and economic detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in flocks of sheep.

              Ovine Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, occurs in many countries. In Australia, surveillance using serology is used as part of a control program, but the testing regime is costly relative to its sensitivity. For this reason, culturing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples pooled from a number of sheep was evaluated. Initially, the effect of pooling on the sensitivity of fecal culture was evaluated using samples from 20 sheep with multibacillary paratuberculosis and 20 sheep with paucibacillary paratuberculosis, each confirmed histologically. All multibacillary cases and 50% of paucibacillary cases were detected by culturing of feces at a pooling rate of 1 infected plus 49 uninfected sheep. In a pilot-scale study in 1997, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected by pooled fecal culture on 93% of 27 infected farms which were identified originally based on history, clinical signs, and one or more rounds of testing using serologic and histopathologic examinations. Pooled fecal culture was compared with serologic examination for submissions from 335 farms where both tests had been conducted on the same sheep and was significantly more sensitive (P or =2% prevalence of infection. The estimated laboratory cost of pooled fecal culture when applied as a flock test is approximately 30% that of serologic examination, and sample collection costs are lower. It is recommended that pooled fecal culture replace serologic examination for detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection at the flock level.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                vetmex
                Veterinaria México
                Vet. Méx
                Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UNAM (México, DF, Mexico )
                0301-5092
                December 2008
                : 39
                : 4
                : 377-386
                Affiliations
                [03] Irapuato Guanajuato orgnameUniversidad de Guanajuato orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas de Irapuato México
                [01] Estado de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia México
                [02] México D. F. orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias orgdiv1Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Disciplinarias-Microbiología
                Article
                S0301-50922008000400002 S0301-5092(08)03900400002
                40d0d1e7-fa85-4658-bb8f-3dfcf2f29e86

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 May 2008
                : 28 March 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos científicos

                Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis,Ovinos,PCR-Anidada,Estudio Serológico,Bacterial Culture,Serological Study,Cultivo Bacteriológico,Ovine,Nested-PCR,Mycobacterium avium Subespecie paratuberculosis

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