Probing the Thermodynamics of Biomagnification in Zoo-Housed Polar Bears by Equilibrium Sampling of Dietary and Fecal Samples

Abstract

In a proof-of-concept study, we recently used equilibrium sampling with silicone films to noninvasively derive the thermodynamic limit to a canine’s gastrointestinal biomagnification capability (BMF _lim) by determining the ratio of the products of the volume ( V) and fugacity capacity ( Z) of food and feces. In that earlier study, low contaminant levels prevented the determination of contaminant fugacities ( f) in food and feces. For zoo-housed polar bears, fed on a lipid-rich diet of fish and seal oil, we were now able to measure the increase in f of nine native polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) upon digestion, providing incontestable proof of the process of gastrointestinal biomagnification. A high average BMF _lim value of ∼171 for the bears was caused mostly by a remarkable reduction in fugacity capacity driven by a high lipid assimilation capacity. Lipid-rich diets increase the uptake of biomagnifying contaminants in two ways: because they tend to have higher contaminant concentrations and because they lead to a high Z value drop during digestion. We also confirmed that equilibrium sampling yielded similar Z values for PCBs originally present in food and feces and for isotopically labeled PCBs spiked onto those samples, which makes the method suitable for investigating the biomagnification capability of organisms, even if native contaminant concentrations in their diet and feces are low.

Abstract

A completely noninvasive experimental approach provides the biomagnification factor of lipophilic contaminants in higher organisms and proof of gastrointestinal biomagnification.