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      The simplified trachoma grading system, amended Translated title: Modification du système de codage simplifié du trachome Translated title: Modificación del sistema de clasificación simplificada del tracoma Translated title: نظام تصنيف التراكوما المبسط المعدل Translated title: 沙眼简化分级系统修正 Translated title: Изменения в упрощенной системе оценки трахомы

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          Abstract

          A simplified grading system for trachoma was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1987. Intended for use by non-specialist personnel working at community level, the system includes five signs, each of which can be present or absent in any eye: (i) trachomatous trichiasis; (ii) corneal opacity; (iii) trachomatous inflammation—follicular; (iv) trachomatous inflammation—intense; and (v) trachomatous scarring. Though neither perfectly sensitive nor perfectly specific for trachoma, these signs have been essential tools for identifying populations that need interventions to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. In 2018, at WHO’s 4th global scientific meeting on trachoma, the definition of one of the signs, trachomatous trichiasis, was amended to exclude trichiasis that affects only the lower eyelid. This paper presents the amended system, updates its presentation, offers notes on its use and identifies areas of ongoing debate.

          Résumé

          En 1987, l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé a publié un système de codage simplifié du trachome. Destiné au personnel non qualifié travaillant au sein des communautés, il comporte cinq signes, chacun pouvant être présent ou absent dans l'un ou l'autre œil: (i) le trichiasis trachomateux; (ii) l'opacité cornéenne; (iii) l'inflammation trachomateuse — folliculaire; (iv) l'inflammation trachomateuse — intense; et enfin, (v) la cicatrice trachomateuse. Bien qu'ils ne soient ni parfaitement précis, ni totalement spécifiques au trachome, ces signes constituent des outils essentiels pour identifier les populations qui nécessitent une intervention afin d'éliminer le trachome en tant que problème de santé publique. En 2018, lors de la quatrième réunion scientifique mondiale sur le trachome, la définition de l'un des signes, le trichiasis trachomateux, a été modifiée pour exclure du système de codage le trichiasis qui n'affecte que la paupière inférieure. Ce document expose le nouveau système, actualise sa présentation, formule des remarques sur son utilisation et identifie les domaines qui font encore l'objet de débats.

          Resumen

          En 1987, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) publicó un sistema de clasificación simplificado para el tracoma. Este sistema fue diseñado para que lo utilice el personal no especializado que trabaja a nivel comunitario e incluye cinco signos, cada uno de los cuales puede estar presente o ausente en los ojos: i) la triquiasis tracomatosa; ii) la opacidad corneal; iii) la inflamación tracomatosa-folicular; iv) la inflamación tracomatosa-intensa; y v) la cicatrización tracomatosa. Si bien no son perfectamente sensibles ni muy específicos del tracoma, estos signos han sido herramientas esenciales para identificar a las poblaciones que requieren intervenciones para eliminar el tracoma como problema de salud pública. En 2018, se modificó la definición de uno de los signos, la triquiasis tracomatosa, en la 4.ª Reunión Científica Mundial sobre el Tracoma de la OMS, para descartar la triquiasis que solo afecta al párpado inferior. En el presente documento se describe el sistema modificado, se actualiza su presentación, se ofrecen observaciones sobre su aplicación y se identifican los ámbitos de debate en curso.

          ملخص

          تم نشر نظام تصنيف مبسط للتراكوما من جانب منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO) في عام 1987. وهو مخصص للاستخدام بواسطة الأشخاص غير المتخصصين الذين يعملون على مستوى المجتمع، ويشمل النظام خمس علامات يمكن أن يكون كل منها موجودًا أو غير موجود في أي عين: (1) داء الشعرة التراكومي؛ و(2) عتامة القرنية؛ و(3) الالتهاب الجريبي التراكومي؛ و(4) الالتهاب التراكومي الشديد؛ و(5) التندب التراكومي. وبالرغم من أن هذه العلامات لم تكن حساسة للغاية أو محددة للإصابة بالتراكوما، إلا أنها كانت مؤشرات أساسية لتحديد السكان الذين يحتاجون إلى تدخلات طبية للقضاء على التراكوما كمشكلة صحية عامة. في عام 2018، في الاجتماع العلمي العالمي الرابع لمنظمة الصحة العالمية حول التراكوما، تم تعديل تعريف إحدى العلامات، وهو داء الشعرة التراكومي، وذلك لاستبعاد داء الشعرة الذي يصيب الجفن السفلي فقط. تعرض هذه الورقة النظام المعدل، وتقوم بتحديث عرضه التقديمي، وتقدم ملاحظات حول استخدامه، وتحدد مجالات النقاش الدائر.

          摘要

          1987 年,世界卫生组织 (WHO) 公布了沙眼简化分级系统。该系统旨在供社区非专业工作人员使用,具备五种体征,其中每个体征都可出现于任一眼睛中,也可能不出现:(I) 沙眼性倒睫;(ii) 角膜混浊; (iii) 沙眼性炎症-滤泡; (iv) 沙眼性剧烈-炎症;以及 (v) 沙眼性疤痕。尽管对沙眼而言,这些体征即非特别敏感,也非专属于沙眼,但其已是确定哪些民众需通过干预消除沙眼这个公共卫生问题的关键。2018 年世卫组织第四届全球沙眼科学会议对沙眼性倒睫的定义进行了修正,排除了仅影响下眼睑的倒睫。本文介绍了修正后的系统,并更新了其介绍,给出了使用说明,并确定了正在讨论中的领域。

          Резюме

          В 1987 году Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) опубликовала упрощенную систему оценки трахомы. Предназначенная для использования неспециализированным персоналом, работающим на местном уровне, система включает пять признаков, каждый из которых может присутствовать или отсутствовать в любом глазу: (i) трахоматозный трихиаз; (ii) помутнение роговицы; (iii) трахоматозное воспаление фолликулярное; (iv) трахоматозное воспаление интенсивное; (v) трахоматозное рубцевание. Хотя эти признаки не являются ни абсолютно чувствительными, ни абсолютно специфичными для трахомы, они были важными инструментами для выявления групп населения, которым необходимы вмешательства для устранения трахомы как проблемы общественного здравоохранения. В 2018 году на 4-й Всемирной научной конференции ВОЗ по вопросам трахомы определение одного из признаков, трахоматозного трихиаза, было изменено, чтобы исключить трихиаз, поражающий только нижнее веко. В данном документе приведена измененная система, обновлено ее представление, даны примечания по ее использованию и определены сферы текущих дискуссий.

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          Most cited references48

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          Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis.

          Data on causes of vision impairment and blindness are important for development of public health policies, but comprehensive analysis of change in prevalence over time is lacking. We did a systematic analysis of published and unpublished data on the causes of blindness (visual acuity in the better eye less than 3/60) and moderate and severe vision impairment ([MSVI] visual acuity in the better eye less than 6/18 but at least 3/60) from 1980 to 2012. We estimated the proportions of overall vision impairment attributable to cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, trachoma, and uncorrected refractive error in 1990-2010 by age, geographical region, and year. In 2010, 65% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 61-68) of 32·4 million blind people and 76% (73-79) of 191 million people with MSVI worldwide had a preventable or treatable cause, compared with 68% (95% UI 65-70) of 31·8 million and 80% (78-83) of 172 million in 1990. Leading causes worldwide in 1990 and 2010 for blindness were cataract (39% and 33%, respectively), uncorrected refractive error (20% and 21%), and macular degeneration (5% and 7%), and for MSVI were uncorrected refractive error (51% and 53%), cataract (26% and 18%), and macular degeneration (2% and 3%). Causes of blindness varied substantially by region. Worldwide and in all regions more women than men were blind or had MSVI due to cataract and macular degeneration. The differences and temporal changes we found in causes of blindness and MSVI have implications for planning and resource allocation in eye care. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Fight for Sight, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Brien Holden Vision Institute. Copyright © 2013 Bourne et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY. Published by .. All rights reserved.
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            A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications.

            A simple grading system for trachoma, based on the presence or absence of five selected "key" signs, has been developed. The method was tested in the field and showed good observer agreement, the most critical point being the identification of severe cases of the disease. It is expected that the system will facilitate the assessment of trachoma and its complications by non-specialist health personnel working at the community level.
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              The Global Trachoma Mapping Project: Methodology of a 34-Country Population-Based Study

              ABSTRACT Purpose: To complete the baseline trachoma map worldwide by conducting population-based surveys in an estimated 1238 suspected endemic districts of 34 countries. Methods: A series of national and sub-national projects owned, managed and staffed by ministries of health, conduct house-to-house cluster random sample surveys in evaluation units, which generally correspond to “health district” size: populations of 100,000–250,000 people. In each evaluation unit, we invite all residents aged 1 year and older from h households in each of c clusters to be examined for clinical signs of trachoma, where h is the number of households that can be seen by 1 team in 1 day, and the product h × c is calculated to facilitate recruitment of 1019 children aged 1–9 years. In addition to individual-level demographic and clinical data, household-level water, sanitation and hygiene data are entered into the purpose-built LINKS application on Android smartphones, transmitted to the Cloud, and cleaned, analyzed and ministry-of-health-approved via a secure web-based portal. The main outcome measures are the evaluation unit-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in children aged 1–9 years, prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in adults aged 15 + years, percentage of households using safe methods for disposal of human feces, and percentage of households with proximate access to water for personal hygiene purposes. Results: In the first year of fieldwork, 347 field teams commenced work in 21 projects in 7 countries. Conclusion: With an approach that is innovative in design and scale, we aim to complete baseline mapping of trachoma throughout the world in 2015.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bull World Health Organ
                Bull World Health Organ
                BLT
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                World Health Organization
                0042-9686
                1564-0604
                01 October 2020
                03 September 2020
                : 98
                : 10
                : 698-705
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
                [b ]World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa , Brazzaville, Congo.
                [c ]Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, United States of America.
                [d ]Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia.
                [e ]Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati.
                [f ]International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London, England.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Anthony W Solomon (email: solomona@ 123456who.int ).
                Article
                BLT.19.248708
                10.2471/BLT.19.248708
                7652564
                33177759
                4075d5c1-7871-4526-befe-39cbe909865a
                (c) 2020 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 01 December 2019
                : 06 July 2020
                : 07 July 2020
                Categories
                Policy & Practice

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