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      Tipología de gallinas criollas en valles centrales Oaxaca con base en descriptores morfométricos Translated title: Typology of Indigenous Hens in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca based on Morphometric Descriptors

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          Abstract

          Resumen En la región de Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, localizada al sur de México, el sistema de producción familiar de aves criollas adquiere gran importancia por la generación de ingresos complementarios y la mejora de la alimentación de las familias rurales, además de la conservación de genotipos avícolas adaptados al sistema de producción y ambiente ecológico de su entorno. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre las características tipológicas de los grupos avícolas en explotación. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una agrupación de gallinas criollas con base en sus diferencias fenotípicas, usando una muestra aleatoria de 171 gallinas criollas en su primer ciclo de postura en las cuales se midieron las siguientes medidas corporales: peso vivo (PV), edad, altura dorsal (AD), largo dorsal (LD), perímetro pectoral (PPE), largo de tarso (LTARSO), largo de la pierna (LPIE), largo del muslo (LMUSLO), largo del ala (LALA), ancho del ala (AALA), altura de la cresta (AC), largo de la cresta (LC), ancho del pico (AP), largo del pico (LP), largo de la barbilla (LB), ancho de la barbilla (AB), ancho de orejuela (AO), largo de orejuela (LO), ancho de cabeza (AC), largo de cabeza (LC), pluma primaria (PP). La información morfométrica se analizó estimando correlaciones de Pearson y análisis de componentes principales (CP) con variables estandarizadas. El peso vivo mostró la mayor correlación con PPE (r=0.62) y LB con AB (r=0.91), que se relacionaron con el tamaño del animal y la magnitud de la cabeza. Dos CP explicaron 63 % de la variación total; el CP1 incluyó la conformación de cabeza y extremidades (tarso y pierna), y el CP2 fue determinado por talla del ave (altura y peso). Con base en sus CP’s, las gallinas criollas adultas se clasificaron en tres tipos: muy pesadas, pesadas y ligeras, criterios que deben ser considerados en la diferenciación y selección de reproductores.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract In the region of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, located in southern Mexico, the family production system of indigenous birds acquires great importance as a result of generating complementary income and improving the diet of rural families, in addition to the conservation of bird genotypes adapted to the production system and ecological environment of their surroundings. However, little is known about the typological characteristics of the bird groups under exploitation. The objective of the study was to group indigenous hens based on their phenotypical differences, using a random sample of 171 indigenous hens in their first laying cycle by taking the following body measurements: live weight (PV), age, dorsal height (AD), dorsal length (LD), pectoral perimeter (PPE), length of tarsus (LTARSO), length of foot (LPIE), length of thigh (LMUSLO), length of wing (LALA), width of wing (AALA), height of crest (AC), length of crest (LC), width of beak (AP), length of beak (LP), length of chin (LB), width of chin (AB), width of appendage (AO), length of appendage (LO), width of head (AC), length of head (LC), primary feather (PP) [all acronyms based on Spanish initials]. The morphometric information was analyzed estimating Pearson correlations and principal components analysis (PC) with standardized variables. The live weight showed the highest correlation with PPE (r=0.62) and LB with AB (r=0.91), which was related to the animal’s size and magnitude of the head. Two PCs explained 63 % of the total variation; PC1 included the conformation of head and extremities (tarsus and leg) and PC2 was defined by the size of the bird (height and weight). Based on their PCs, adult indigenous hens were classified into three types: very heavy, heavy and light, criteria that should be considered in the differentiation and selection of breeders.

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          Evaluation of genetic diversity in Chinese indigenous chicken breeds using microsatellite markers.

          China is rich in chicken genetic resources, and many indigenous breeds can be found throughout the country. Due to poor productive ability, some of them are threatened by the commercial varieties from domestic and foreign breeding companies. In a large-scale investigation into the current status of Chinese poultry genetic resources, 78 indigenous chicken breeds were surveyed and their blood samples collected. The genomes of these chickens were screened using microsatellite analysis. A total of 2740 individuals were genotyped for 27 microsatellite markers on 13 chromosomes. The number of alleles of the 27 markers ranged from 6 to 51 per locus with a mean of 18.74. Heterozygosity (H) values of the 78 chicken breeds were all more than 0.5. The average H value (0.622) and polymorphism information content (PIC, 0.573) of these breeds suggested that the Chinese indigenous chickens possessed more genetic diversity than that reported in many other countries. The fixation coefficients of subpopulations within the total population (F(ST)) for the 27 loci varied from 0.065 (LEI0166) to 0.209 (MCW0078), with a mean of 0.106. For all detected microsatellite loci, only one (LEI0194) deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) across all the populations. As genetic drift or non-random mating can occur in small populations, breeds kept on conservation farms such a Langshan chicken generally had lower H values, while those kept on large populations within conservation regions possessed higher polymorphisms. The high genetic diversity in Chinese indigenous breeds is in agreement with great phenotypic variation of these breeds. Using Nei's genetic distance and the Neighbor-Joining method, the indigenous Chinese chickens were classified into six categories that were generally consistent with their geographic distributions. The molecular information of genetic diversity will play an important role in conservation, supervision, and utilization of the chicken resources.
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            Genetic Diversity of Five Local Swedish Chicken Breeds Detected by Microsatellite Markers

            This study aimed at investigating the genetic diversity, relationship and population structure of 110 local Swedish chickens derived from five breeds (Gotlandshöna, Hedemorahöna, Öländsk dvärghöna, Skånsk blommehöna, and Bohuslän- Dals svarthöna, in the rest of the paper the shorter name Svarthöna is used) using 24 microsatellite markers. In total, one hundred thirteen alleles were detected in all populations, with a mean of 4.7 alleles per locus. For the five chicken breeds, the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.225 to 0.408 and from 0.231 to 0.515, with the lowest scores for the Svarthöna and the highest scores for the Skånsk blommehöna breeds, respectively. Similarly, the average within breed molecular kinship varied from 0.496 to 0.745, showing high coancestry, with Skånsk blommehöna having the lowest and Svarthöna the highest coancestry. Furthermore, all breeds showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Across the five breeds, the global heterozygosity deficit (FIT) was 0.545, population differentiation index (FST) was 0.440, and the global inbreeding of individuals within breed (FIS) was 0.187. The phylogenetic relationships of chickens were examined using neighbor-joining trees constructed at the level of breeds and individual samples. The neighbor-joining tree constructed at breed level revealed two main clusters, with Hedemorahöna and Öländsk dvärghöna breeds in one cluster, and Gotlandshöna and Svarthöna breeds in the second cluster leaving the Skånsk blommehöna in the middle. Based on the results of the STRUCTURE analysis, the most likely number of clustering of the five breeds was at K = 4, with Hedemorahöna, Gotlandshöna and Svarthöna breeds forming their own distinct clusters, while Öländsk dvärghöna and Skånsk blommehöna breeds clustered together. Losses in the overall genetic diversity of local Swedish chickens due to breeds extinction varied from -1.46% to -6.723%. The results of the current study can be used as baseline genetic information for genetic conservation program, for instance, to control inbreeding and to implement further genetic studies in local Swedish chickens.
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              Precision animal breeding.

              We accept that we are responsible for the quality of life of animals in our care. We accept that the activities of man affect all the living things with which we share this planet. But we are slow to realize that as a result we have a duty of care for all living things. That duty extends to the breeding of animals for which we are responsible. When animals are bred by man for a purpose, the aim should be to meet certain goals: to improve the precision with which breeding outcomes can be predicted; to avoid the introduction and advance of characteristics deleterious to well-being; and to manage genetic resources and diversity between and within populations as set out in the Convention on Biological Diversity. These goals are summed up in the phrase precision animal breeding. They should apply whether animals are bred as sources of usable products or services for medical or scientific research, for aesthetic or cultural considerations, or as pets. Modern molecular and quantitative genetics and advances in reproductive physiology provide the tools with which these goals can be met.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                asd
                Agricultura, sociedad y desarrollo
                agric. soc. desarro
                Colegio de Postgraduados (Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico )
                1870-5472
                December 2018
                : 15
                : 4
                : 585-593
                Affiliations
                [2] Xoxocotlán Oaxaca orgnameInstituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca Mexico
                [1] Montecillo orgnameColegio de Postgraduados orgdiv1Programa de Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Ganadería y Genética Mexico
                Article
                S1870-54722018000400585
                406ce9af-681f-4b15-a97b-bb1b90bb24c6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : July 2017
                : May 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                indigenous birds,family production units,typology,aves criollas,unidades de producción familiar,tipología

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