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      Interfacial Acid–Base Equilibria and Electric Fields Concurrently Probed by In Situ Surface-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy

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          Energy and fuels from electrochemical interfaces

          Advances in electrocatalysis at interfaces are vital for driving technological innovations related to energy. New materials developments for efficient hydrogen and oxygen production in electrolysers and in fuel cells are described.
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            Catalyst–electrolyte interface chemistry for electrochemical CO 2 reduction

            This review article provides the recent progress in the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction by understanding and tuning catalyst–electrolyte interfaces. The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 stores intermittent renewable energy in valuable raw materials, such as chemicals and transportation fuels, while minimizing carbon emissions and promoting carbon-neutral cycles. Recent technoeconomic reports suggested economically feasible target products of CO 2 electroreduction and the relative influence of key performance parameters such as faradaic efficiency (FE), current density, and overpotential in the practical industrial-scale applications. Furthermore, fundamental factors, such as available reaction pathways, shared intermediates, competing hydrogen evolution reaction, scaling relations of the intermediate binding energies, and CO 2 mass transport limitations, should be considered in relation to the electrochemical CO 2 reduction performance. Intensive research efforts have been devoted to designing and developing advanced electrocatalysts and improving mechanistic understanding. More recently, the research focus was extended to the catalyst environment, because the interfacial region can delicately modulate the catalytic activity and provide effective solutions to challenges that were not fully addressed in the material development studies. Herein, we discuss the importance of catalyst–electrolyte interfaces in improving key operational parameters based on kinetic equations. Furthermore, we extensively review previous studies on controlling organic modulators, electrolyte ions, electrode structures, as well as the three-phase boundary at the catalyst–electrolyte interface. The interfacial region modulates the electrocatalytic properties via electronic modification, intermediate stabilization, proton delivery regulation, catalyst structure modification, reactant concentration control, and mass transport regulation. We discuss the current understanding of the catalyst–electrolyte interface and its effect on the CO 2 electroreduction activity.
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              Voltage-dependent ordering of water molecules at an electrode–electrolyte interface

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Journal of the American Chemical Society
                J. Am. Chem. Soc.
                American Chemical Society (ACS)
                0002-7863
                1520-5126
                July 21 2021
                July 13 2021
                July 21 2021
                : 143
                : 28
                : 10778-10792
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
                Article
                10.1021/jacs.1c05419
                34253024
                3ffd584b-235c-4153-ae79-4e88d6dff857
                © 2021

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-045

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