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      Diversity of Nematoda and Digenea from different species of characiform fishes from Tocantins River, Maranhão, Brazil Translated title: Diversidade de Nematoda e Digenea coletados em diferentes espécies de Characiformes provenientes do rio Tocantins, Maranhão, Brasil

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          Abstract

          Abstract During a survey of the helminth fauna of characiform fishes from the Tocantins River, Brazil, 185 fish specimens from 22 species were studied. Twelve species of Nematoda and nine species of Digenea were collected. Some of these helminth species were reported for the first time in their hosts, thus representing new host records: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. in Bivibranchia notata, Brycon pesu, Chalceus macrolepidotus, Hemiodus microlepis and Hemiodus unimaculatus; Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus in Triportheus elongatus; Goezia sp. (larva) in Boulengerella cuvieri; Rhabdochona acuminata in Brycon pesu and Triportheus trifurcatus; Raphidascaris sp. (larva) in Caenotropus labyrinthicus; Cosmoxynema vianai in Cyphocharax gouldingi; Rondonia rondoni in Leporinus fasciatus and Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Klossinemella iheringi in Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Cucullanidae gen. sp. in Myloplus rubripinnis; Rhabdochona sp. in Triportheus elongatus; Alphamphistoma sp. in Myleus setiger; Chalcinotrema sp. in Cyphocharax gouldingi; Pacudistoma guianense in Hemiodus unimaculatus and Myleus torquatus; Pseudocladorchis cylindricus in Hemiodus unimaculatus; Dadaytrema oxycephala in Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Travassosinia dilatata in Myloplus asterias; and Genarchella genarchella in Raphiodon vulpinus. Studies identifying new hosts and new localities for parasites have contributed to the knowledge of local biodiversity. A list of previous records of helminths included in the present study, providing hosts, localities, and references, is presented here.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Durante a pesquisa da fauna helmintológica de Characiformes do rio Tocantins, Maranhão, Brasil, 185 peixes pertencentes a 22 espécies foram estudados. Doze espécies de Nematoda e nove espécies de Digenea foram coletadas. Algumas espécies de helmintos estão sendo registradas pela primeira vez em seus hospedeiros, representando novos registros: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. em Bivibranchia notata, Brycon pesu, Chalceus macrolepidotus, Hemiodus microlepis e Hemiodus unimaculatus; Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus em Triportheus elongatus; Goezia sp. (larva) em Boulengerella cuvieri; Rhabdochona acuminata em Brycon pesu e Tripotheus trifurcatus; Raphidascaris sp. (larva) em Caenotropus labyrinthicus; Cosmoxynema vianai em Cyphocharax gouldingi; Rondonia rondoni em Leporinus fasciatus e Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Klossinemella iheringi em Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Cucullanidae gen. sp. em Myloplus rubripinnis; Rhabdochona sp. em Triportheus elongatus; Alphamphistoma sp. em Myleus setiger; Chalcinotrema sp. em Cyphocarax gouldingi; Pacudistoma guianense em Hemiodus unimaculatus e Myleus torquatus; Pseudocladorchis cylindricus em Hemiodus unimaculatus; Dadaytrema oxycephala em Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Travassosinia dilatata em Myloplus asterias; e Genarchella genarchella em Raphiodon vulpinus. Estudos que identificam novos hospedeiros e novas localidades para parasitos têm contribuído para o conhecimento da biodiversidade local. Uma lista dos registros prévios dos helmintos incluídos no presente estudo, com hospedeiros, localidades e referências é apresentada.

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          Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Biogeographic Units for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation

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            Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling

            Background With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity. Results In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered incertae sedis in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. Conclusion A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.
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              Food webs: a plea for parasites.

              Parasites have the capacity to regulate host populations and may be important determinants of community structure, yet they are usually neglected in studies of food webs. Parasites can provide much of the information on host biology, such as diet and migration, that is necessary to construct accurate webs. Because many parasites have complex life cycles that involve several different hosts, and often depend on trophic interactions for transmission, parasites provide complementary views of web structure and dynamics. Incorporation of parasites in food webs can substantially after baste web properties, Including connectance, chain length and proportions of top and basal species, and can allow the testing of specific hypotheses related to food-web dynamics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbpv
                Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária
                Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.
                Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária (Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil )
                0103-846X
                1984-2961
                2022
                : 31
                : 3
                : e005122
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv2Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes Brazil
                Article
                S1984-29612022000300302 S1984-2961(22)03100300302
                10.1590/s1984-29612022038
                3f5bc26b-bd52-4202-98b9-12ec3047560f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 June 2022
                : 28 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 198, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Article

                Nematoda,Digenea,Characiformes,rio Tocantins,Maranhão,Brasil,Tocantins River,Brazil

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