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      Special Section Guest Editorial: Imaging Neuroimmune, Neuroglial, and Neurovascular Interfaces

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          Abstract.

          The guest editorial provides an introduction to Parts 1 and 2 of the Neurophotonics Special Section on Imaging Neuroimmune, Neuroglial, and Neurovascular Interfaces.

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          Most cited references36

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          A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β.

          Jeffrey J. Iliff, Minghuan Wang, Yonghong Liao … (2012)
          Because it lacks a lymphatic circulation, the brain must clear extracellular proteins by an alternative mechanism. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) functions as a sink for brain extracellular solutes, but it is not clear how solutes from the brain interstitium move from the parenchyma to the CSF. We demonstrate that a substantial portion of subarachnoid CSF cycles through the brain interstitial space. On the basis of in vivo two-photon imaging of small fluorescent tracers, we showed that CSF enters the parenchyma along paravascular spaces that surround penetrating arteries and that brain interstitial fluid is cleared along paravenous drainage pathways. Animals lacking the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in astrocytes exhibit slowed CSF influx through this system and a ~70% reduction in interstitial solute clearance, suggesting that the bulk fluid flow between these anatomical influx and efflux routes is supported by astrocytic water transport. Fluorescent-tagged amyloid β, a peptide thought to be pathogenic in Alzheimer's disease, was transported along this route, and deletion of the Aqp4 gene suppressed the clearance of soluble amyloid β, suggesting that this pathway may remove amyloid β from the central nervous system. Clearance through paravenous flow may also regulate extracellular levels of proteins involved with neurodegenerative conditions, its impairment perhaps contributing to the mis-accumulation of soluble proteins.
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            The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.

            Berislav V Zlokovic (2008)
            The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized brain endothelial structure of the fully differentiated neurovascular system. In concert with pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, the BBB separates components of the circulating blood from neurons. Moreover, the BBB maintains the chemical composition of the neuronal "milieu," which is required for proper functioning of neuronal circuits, synaptic transmission, synaptic remodeling, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis in the adult brain. BBB breakdown, due to disruption of the tight junctions, altered transport of molecules between blood and brain and brain and blood, aberrant angiogenesis, vessel regression, brain hypoperfusion, and inflammatory responses, may initiate and/or contribute to a "vicious circle" of the disease process, resulting in progressive synaptic and neuronal dysfunction and loss in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and others. These findings support developments of new therapeutic approaches for chronic neurodegenerative disorders directed at the BBB and other nonneuronal cells of the neurovascular unit.
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              Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow.

              David Attwell, Alastair M. Buchan, Serge Charpak … (2011)
              Blood flow in the brain is regulated by neurons and astrocytes. Knowledge of how these cells control blood flow is crucial for understanding how neural computation is powered, for interpreting functional imaging scans of brains, and for developing treatments for neurological disorders. It is now recognized that neurotransmitter-mediated signalling has a key role in regulating cerebral blood flow, that much of this control is mediated by astrocytes, that oxygen modulates blood flow regulation, and that blood flow may be controlled by capillaries as well as by arterioles. These conceptual shifts in our understanding of cerebral blood flow control have important implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neurophotonics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neurophotonics
                Journal ID (coden): NEUROW
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NPh
                Title: Neurophotonics
                Publisher: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
                ISSN (Print): 2329-423X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2329-4248
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2022
                Publication date (Print): July 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 September 2022
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 031901
                Affiliations
                [a ]Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
                [b ]University of Washington , Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, Washington, United States
                [c ]University of Washington , Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
                [d ]Boston University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]Address all correspondence to Andy Y. Shih, Andy.Shih@ 123456seattlechildrens.org
                Article
                Publisher-manuscript ID: NPH-22-0911 Publisher ID: 22-0911
                DOI: 10.1117/1.NPh.9.3.031901
                PMC ID: 9529636
                SO-VID: 3f50f2a0-3ebb-4cfb-98a4-f127a9beed27
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 37, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Special Section on Imaging Neuroimmune, Neuroglial and Neurovascular Interfaces (Part II)
                Subject: Editorial
                Custom metadata
                running-head Special Section Guest Editorial

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