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      Prediction and validation of anoikis-related genes in neuropathic pain using machine learning

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          Abstract

          Background

          Neuropathic pain (NP) can be induced by a variety of clinical conditions, such as spinal cord injury, lumbar disc herniation (LDH), lumbar spinal stenosis, diabetes, herpes zoster, and spinal cord tumors, and inflammatory stimuli. The pathogenesis of NP is extremely complex. Specifically, in LDH, the herniated nucleus pulposus exerts mechanical pressure on nerve roots, triggering local inflammation and consequent NP. Anoikis, a special form of programmed cell death, is closely related to the progression of NP. In this study, we sought to clarify the molecular characteristics of anoikis-related genes in NP, providing novel insights for the diagnosis and treatment of NP.

          Methods

          We screened NP-related genes based on the GSE124272 dataset and obtained 439 anoikis-related genes from the GeneCards database. Through Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning algorithms, six key hub genes were identified: hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF), matrix metalloproteinase 13 ( MMP13), c-abl oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase ( ABL1), elastase neutrophil expressed ( ELANE), fatty acid synthase ( FASN), and long non-coding RNA ( Linc00324). Functional enrichment analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), alongside Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and immune infiltration analysis, were performed on these hub genes. Additionally, transcription factors and potential therapeutic drugs were predicted. We also used rats to construct an NP model and validated the analyzed hub genes using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blotting assays.

          Results

          Our data indicated that anoikis-related genes have diagnostic value in NP patients, as confirmed by experimental results. Moreover, this study elucidated the role of these genes in immune infiltration during the pathogenesis of NP and identified potential therapeutic drugs targeting these key genes.

          Conclusion

          This study further explores the pathogenesis of NP and provides certain reference value for developing targeted therapeutic strategies, thereby improving NP management.

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          Most cited references39

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          Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles

          Although genomewide RNA expression analysis has become a routine tool in biomedical research, extracting biological insight from such information remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a powerful analytical method called Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) for interpreting gene expression data. The method derives its power by focusing on gene sets, that is, groups of genes that share common biological function, chromosomal location, or regulation. We demonstrate how GSEA yields insights into several cancer-related data sets, including leukemia and lung cancer. Notably, where single-gene analysis finds little similarity between two independent studies of patient survival in lung cancer, GSEA reveals many biological pathways in common. The GSEA method is embodied in a freely available software package, together with an initial database of 1,325 biologically defined gene sets.
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            limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies

            limma is an R/Bioconductor software package that provides an integrated solution for analysing data from gene expression experiments. It contains rich features for handling complex experimental designs and for information borrowing to overcome the problem of small sample sizes. Over the past decade, limma has been a popular choice for gene discovery through differential expression analyses of microarray and high-throughput PCR data. The package contains particularly strong facilities for reading, normalizing and exploring such data. Recently, the capabilities of limma have been significantly expanded in two important directions. First, the package can now perform both differential expression and differential splicing analyses of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. All the downstream analysis tools previously restricted to microarray data are now available for RNA-seq as well. These capabilities allow users to analyse both RNA-seq and microarray data with very similar pipelines. Second, the package is now able to go past the traditional gene-wise expression analyses in a variety of ways, analysing expression profiles in terms of co-regulated sets of genes or in terms of higher-order expression signatures. This provides enhanced possibilities for biological interpretation of gene expression differences. This article reviews the philosophy and design of the limma package, summarizing both new and historical features, with an emphasis on recent enhancements and features that have not been previously described.
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              Enrichr: a comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update

              Enrichment analysis is a popular method for analyzing gene sets generated by genome-wide experiments. Here we present a significant update to one of the tools in this domain called Enrichr. Enrichr currently contains a large collection of diverse gene set libraries available for analysis and download. In total, Enrichr currently contains 180 184 annotated gene sets from 102 gene set libraries. New features have been added to Enrichr including the ability to submit fuzzy sets, upload BED files, improved application programming interface and visualization of the results as clustergrams. Overall, Enrichr is a comprehensive resource for curated gene sets and a search engine that accumulates biological knowledge for further biological discoveries. Enrichr is freely available at: http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysis
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysis
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curation
                Role: Data curationRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: Validation
                Role: Data curationRole: Visualization
                Role: Data curationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS One
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                27 February 2025
                2025
                : 20
                : 2
                : e0314773
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Massage, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
                [2 ] Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
                [3 ] Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
                [4 ] Graduate School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
                [5 ] Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
                [6 ] Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
                [7 ] School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
                Nankai University, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ GC and XQ are also contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-Corresponding authors

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6314-9793
                https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2956-4402
                Article
                PONE-D-24-19013
                10.1371/journal.pone.0314773
                11867322
                40014587
                3ea5e6d7-619e-444c-99eb-d1a9aeef5b6f
                © 2025 He et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 May 2024
                : 15 November 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 1, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Guangxi Key Research Laboratory of Meridian rehabilitation
                Award ID: 2024019-03
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine High level Talent Cultivation and Innovation Team
                Award ID: 2022A006
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012547, Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;
                Award ID: 2020GXNSFAA259013
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012547, Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;
                Award ID: 2023GXNSFAA026456
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100017691, Guangxi Key Research and Development Program;
                Award ID: Guike AB20159026
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Cultivation Discipline Construction Project
                Award ID: GZXK-Z-20-32
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Guangxi High Level Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Discipline Construction Project
                Award ID: 2024016-02-04
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Yufeng He Guangxi Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Studio
                Award ID: GZY2024014
                Award Recipient :
                Guangxi Key Research Laboratory of Meridian rehabilitation Award Number: 2024019-03 | Recipient: Guanghui Chen Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine High level Talent Cultivation and Innovation Team Award Number: 2022A006 | Recipient: Ye Wei Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Award Number: 2020GXNSFAA259013 | Recipient: Yufeng He Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Award Number: 2023GXNSFAA026456 | Recipient: Guanghui Chen Guangxi Key Research and Development Program Award Number: Guike AB20159026 | Recipient: Guanghui Chen Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Cultivation Discipline Construction Project Award Number: GZXK-Z-20-32 | Recipient: Guanghui Chen Guangxi High Level Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Discipline Construction Project Award Number: 2024016-02-04 | Recipient: Ye Wei Yufeng He Guangxi Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Studio Award Number: GZY2024014 | Recipient: Yufeng He.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cell Processes
                Cell Death
                Apoptosis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
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                Animal Cells
                Immune Cells
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
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                Anatomy
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                Neuroanatomy
                Spinal Cord
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Nervous System
                Neuroanatomy
                Spinal Cord
                Biology and Life Sciences
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