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      Wirkungen digitaler Medien auf die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Schwerpunkt auf dem Verzehr ungesunder Lebensmittel Translated title: Consequences of digital media on the health of children and adolescents with a focus on the consumption of unhealthy foods

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          Abstract

          Die Medienzeiten von Kindern und Jugendlichen haben seit 2019 zugenommen. Längere Zeiten, die z. B. mit Medien-Multitasking verbracht werden, werden zunehmend als Einflussfaktor auf die Gesundheit diskutiert. In dieser narrativen Übersichtsarbeit wird die Bedeutung der Nutzungsdauer für die Entstehung von Adipositas und metabolischen Gesundheitsendpunkten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beleuchtet und Zusammenhänge mit dem Verzehr von ungesunden Lebensmitteln, z. B. durch eine erhöhte Exposition gegenüber Medien-Lebensmittelmarketing, vertiefend besprochen.

          Lange Nutzungszeiten scheinen positiv mit Geschmackspräferenzen für süß, fettig und salzig sowie mit einer erhöhten Snack- und Energiezufuhr assoziiert zu sein. Langfristig stehen zunehmende Medienzeiten überdies mit einem erhöhten Risiko für das metabolische Syndrom und seine Einzelkomponenten in Beziehung. Ein besonderer Nutzen sozialer Medien für die Förderung von körperlicher Aktivität und gesunder Ernährung liegt in der erleichterten Einbeziehung sonst schwer erreichbarer Gruppen. Soziale Medien können ferner die soziale Unterstützung durch Gleichaltrige vereinfachen und so das Wohlbefinden junger Nutzer:innen positiv beeinflussen.

          Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der noch nicht vollständig entwickelten kognitiven Fähigkeiten von Kindern und Jugendlichen werden im Artikel Handlungsoptionen zum Schutz junger Nutzer:innen angesprochen. Die Exposition gegenüber bestimmten Medieninhalten scheint negative Auswirkungen auf die Nahrungsmittelauswahl und das Essverhalten von jungen Nutzer:innen zu haben. Dadurch wird der Appell gestützt, digitale Werbung für Lebensmittel und Getränke, die sich an Kinder und Jugendliche richtet und die nicht den WHO-Kriterien für kindergerechte Lebensmittel entspricht, in diesen Medien stark einzuschränken.

          Translated abstract

          Children and adolescents’ media time has increased since 2019. Prolonged time spent with media and media multitasking is increasingly being discussed as a health determinant. This narrative review highlights the importance of media time on the development of obesity and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents and discusses in more detail the associations with consumption of unhealthy foods and increased exposure to media food marketing.

          The prolonged durations that children and adolescents spend with social and digital media in their leisure time are positively related to sensory taste preferences for sweet, fatty, and salty foods as well as to higher snack food and energy intakes. Moreover, prolonged media time is also associated with a long-term increased risk of metabolic syndrome and its single components. The potential of social media for promoting physical activity and healthy eating lies especially in simplifying the inclusion of otherwise hard-to-reach groups. Further, social media may facilitate social support from peers and thus positively influence the well-being of young users.

          Particularly against the background of the not yet fully developed cognitive abilities of children and adolescents, the article refers to options for action to protect young media users. Exposure to certain social media content appears to negatively relate to children and adolescents’ food choices and eating behaviors, supporting the call to regulate advertising directed at young consumers for foods and beverages that do not meet WHO criteria for child-friendly foods in these media.

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          Most cited references72

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          Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review.

          We systematically examined and updated the scientific literature on the association between screen time (e.g., television, computers, video games, and mobile devices) and sleep outcomes among school-aged children and adolescents. We reviewed 67 studies published from 1999 to early 2014. We found that screen time is adversely associated with sleep outcomes (primarily shortened duration and delayed timing) in 90% of studies. Some of the results varied by type of screen exposure, age of participant, gender, and day of the week. While the evidence regarding the association between screen time and sleep is consistent, we discuss limitations of the current studies: 1) causal association not confirmed; 2) measurement error (of both screen time exposure and sleep measures); 3) limited data on simultaneous use of multiple screens, characteristics and content of screens used. Youth should be advised to limit or reduce screen time exposure, especially before or during bedtime hours to minimize any harmful effects of screen time on sleep and well-being. Future research should better account for the methodological limitations of the extant studies, and seek to better understand the magnitude and mechanisms of the association. These steps will help the development and implementation of policies or interventions related to screen time among youth.
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            Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews

            Objectives To systematically examine the evidence of harms and benefits relating to time spent on screens for children and young people’s (CYP) health and well-being, to inform policy. Methods Systematic review of reviews undertaken to answer the question ‘What is the evidence for health and well-being effects of screentime in children and adolescents (CYP)?’ Electronic databases were searched for systematic reviews in February 2018. Eligible reviews reported associations between time on screens (screentime; any type) and any health/well-being outcome in CYP. Quality of reviews was assessed and strength of evidence across reviews evaluated. Results 13 reviews were identified (1 high quality, 9 medium and 3 low quality). 6 addressed body composition; 3 diet/energy intake; 7 mental health; 4 cardiovascular risk; 4 for fitness; 3 for sleep; 1 pain; 1 asthma. We found moderately strong evidence for associations between screentime and greater obesity/adiposity and higher depressive symptoms; moderate evidence for an association between screentime and higher energy intake, less healthy diet quality and poorer quality of life. There was weak evidence for associations of screentime with behaviour problems, anxiety, hyperactivity and inattention, poorer self-esteem, poorer well-being and poorer psychosocial health, metabolic syndrome, poorer cardiorespiratory fitness, poorer cognitive development and lower educational attainments and poor sleep outcomes. There was no or insufficient evidence for an association of screentime with eating disorders or suicidal ideation, individual cardiovascular risk factors, asthma prevalence or pain. Evidence for threshold effects was weak. We found weak evidence that small amounts of daily screen use is not harmful and may have some benefits. Conclusions There is evidence that higher levels of screentime is associated with a variety of health harms for CYP, with evidence strongest for adiposity, unhealthy diet, depressive symptoms and quality of life. Evidence to guide policy on safe CYP screentime exposure is limited. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018089483.
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              Adolescence as a Sensitive Period of Brain Development.

              Most research on sensitive periods has focussed on early sensory, motor, and language development, but it has recently been suggested that adolescence might represent a second ‘window of opportunity’ in brain development. Here, we explore three candidate areas of development that are proposed to undergo sensitive periods in adolescence: memory, the effects of social stress, and drug use. We describe rodent studies, neuroimaging, and large-scale behavioural studies in humans that have yielded data that are consistent with heightened neuroplasticity in adolescence. Critically however, concrete evidence for sensitive periods in adolescence is mostly lacking. To provide conclusive evidence, experimental studies are needed that directly manipulate environmental input and compare effects in child, adolescent, and adult groups.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hebestr@leibniz-bips.de
                Journal
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1436-9990
                1437-1588
                17 January 2024
                17 January 2024
                2024
                : 67
                : 3
                : 292-299
                Affiliations
                Abteilung: Epidemiologische Methoden und Ursachenforschung, Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie – BIPS, ( https://ror.org/02c22vc57) Achterstr. 30, 28359 Bremen, Deutschland
                Article
                3834
                10.1007/s00103-024-03834-4
                10927901
                38233498
                3e9557a2-1592-453c-9759-7e3a8df0cac9
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access Dieser Artikel wird unter der Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International Lizenz veröffentlicht, welche die Nutzung, Vervielfältigung, Bearbeitung, Verbreitung und Wiedergabe in jeglichem Medium und Format erlaubt, sofern Sie den/die ursprünglichen Autor(en) und die Quelle ordnungsgemäß nennen, einen Link zur Creative Commons Lizenz beifügen und angeben, ob Änderungen vorgenommen wurden.

                Die in diesem Artikel enthaltenen Bilder und sonstiges Drittmaterial unterliegen ebenfalls der genannten Creative Commons Lizenz, sofern sich aus der Abbildungslegende nichts anderes ergibt. Sofern das betreffende Material nicht unter der genannten Creative Commons Lizenz steht und die betreffende Handlung nicht nach gesetzlichen Vorschriften erlaubt ist, ist für die oben aufgeführten Weiterverwendungen des Materials die Einwilligung des jeweiligen Rechteinhabers einzuholen.

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                History
                : 31 August 2023
                : 8 January 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie – BIPS GmbH (5712)
                Categories
                Leitthema
                Custom metadata
                © Robert Koch-Institut 2024

                medienzeit,medien-multitasking,kognitive flexibilität,lebensmittelmarketing,metabolisches syndrom,media time,media multitasking,cognitive flexibility,food marketing,metabolic syndrome

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