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      Periorbital dirofilariasis—Clinical and imaging findings: Live worm on ultrasound

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Ocular dirofilariasis is a zoonotic filariasis caused by nematode worm,Dirofilaria. We present a case of dirofilariasis affecting the upper eyelid in a 2-year-old child presenting as an acutely inflammed cyst, from southern Indian state of Kerala. Live adult worm was surgically removed and confirmed to be Dirofilaria repens. Live worm showing continuous movement was seen on the pre-operative high-resolution ultrasound. Ultrasound can be helpful in pre-operative identification of live worm. Imaging findings reported in literature are very few. We describe the clinical, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

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          Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: a review of world literature.

          S Pampiglione, F Rivasi, G Trotti (1995)
          For some Dirofilaria spp. of zoonotic importance, such as D.immitis, D.tenuis, D.ursi, reviews of human cases were often published. For D. repens there is no published information giving a picture of the importance of the problem and of the geographical distribution of the parasite in the world. From a study of the international literature and from direct experience (our workgroup observed 75 cases in Italy) we have ascertained that the condition associated with D. repens is the most frequent and the most widely distributed in the world, of the dirofilariases of medical relevance: comprehensively 397 cases were recorded in 30 countries, exclusively in the Old World, with endemic foci in Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia and Sri Lanka. Apparently, the most affected country is Italy with a total of 168 cases. The most common localisations are the subcutaneous (normally nodular) and the submucosal (nodular or not). The most affected areas are the head, the thoracic wall and the upper limbs. However, 15 cases with internal localisations are recorded (9 of them being pulmonary) which were always diagnosed erroneously as malignant neoplasiae. Clinical diagnosis for the other localisations was also generally wrong with the exception of the subconjunctival cases, where because of the transparency of the bulbar conjunctiva, it is possible to see the parasite directly. The correct diagnosis is usually histological, based on the identification of the nematode using the morphological characters of the species to differentiate it from the other dirofilariae or other erratic nematodes. It is possible that the zoonosis in man is more frequent than shown by the literature: many cases are not diagnosed, viz. not published, others recover spontaneously without medical intervention.
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            Ocular dirofilariasis.

            Reema Nath, Rajen Gogoi, Narayan Bordoloi … (2024)
            Dirofilaria is a parasite of domestic and wild animals that can infect humans accidentally. It is being reported in increasing numbers from Mediterranean countries like Italy. In India this infection is occasionally being reported. We report three cases of ocular dirofilariasis from the state of Assam presenting as periorbital and subconjunctival cysts. The parasites were identified as Dirofilaria repens. The purpose of this article is to take note of this emerging zoonosis in Assam; also to review literature in the cases reported.
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              Subconjunctival dirofilariasis in India.

              B. Krishna, S Nadgir, S S Tallur … (2001)
              Human dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens, have been reported to occur widely throughout Asia, Europe and Africa. Reports of this infection from India are however limited. Herein we report a case of subconjunctival dirofilariasis from Karnataka state of India. A 42 year old man presented with a history of pain and swelling in the left eye. A live parasite measuring 3.5cm in length was surgically removed from the nodular swelling in the conjunctiva. The parasite was identified as Dirofilaria repens, adult male.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJO
                Title: Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0301-4738
                ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3689
                Publication date (Print): June 2013
                Volume: 61
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 298-300
                Affiliations
                [1]Dr. Shaji's MRI and Research Centre, Calicut, India
                [1 ]Vasan Eye Care Hospital, Calicut, India
                [2 ]Aswini Diagnostics, Calicut, India
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Thandre N. Gopinath, Dr. Shaji's MRI and Research Centre, Mini Byepass Road, Puthiyara, Kozhikode - 673 001, Kerala, India. E-mail: gopi_tn@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJO-61-298
                DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.114111
                PMC ID: 3744785
                PubMed ID: 23803483
                SO-VID: 3dfeb8c7-24d0-4c22-bb88-236aa0892572
                Copyright © Copyright: © Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 03 May 2012
                Date accepted : 20 September 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging,ocular dirofilariasis,ultrasound
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging, ocular dirofilariasis, ultrasound

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