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      Diversity and distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peru and their relationship with metaxenic diseases Translated title: Diversidad y distribución de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en el Perú y su relación con las enfermedades metaxénicas

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Tropical Andean and Amazonian ecosystems shape the great biodiversity found in Peru. However, studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the country are scarce, resulting in an information gap regarding their diversity, ecology, distribution, and abundance. Objective: To search for documented evidence on the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peru, and to establish -in relation to species of medical relevance- their potential link with the epidemiological cycle of some metaxenic diseases. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SciELO, as well as in 7 databases specialized in insect taxonomy, using specific terms and their combinations by means of Boolean operators ("AND" and "OR"). Search strategy: study types: original research articles, review articles, books, and book chapters; publication period: no initial date - June 2020; languages: English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Results: A total of 99 studies were retrieved after the initial search, 84 in the 4 electronic databases and 15 in the specialized databases, of which 41 met the inclusion criteria. One additional record was included due to its relevance to the objective of the review. The studies included were original articles (n=28), review articles (n=6), books (n=5), book chapters (n=2), and undergraduate theses (n=1). Regarding the language of publication, 25 (59.52%) were published in English and 17 (40.48%) in Spanish. Conclusions: In Peru, the greatest diversity of mosquito genera is found in the departments of Loreto, Huánuco, and Madre de Dios. Knowledge of the diversity of mosquitoes in Peru that have the potential to cause health issues is relatively scarce and is focused on Aedes aegypti and some species of the Anopheles and Culex genera, thus overlooking a rich diversity distributed in the Amazonian forests, high jungle, and inter-Andean valleys.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción. Los ecosistemas tropicales andinos y amazónicos determinan la gran biodiversidad presente en Perú. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en el país son escasos, lo que resulta en un vacío de información en cuanto a su diversidad, ecología, distribución y abundancia. Objetivos. Buscar evidencia documentada sobre la diversidad y la distribución de mosquitos en el Perú, y establecer -con relación a las especies de importancia médica- su potencial vínculo con el ciclo epidemiológico de algunas enfermedades metaxénicas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en Google Académico, ScienceDirect, PubMed y Scielo, así como en siete bases de datos especializadas en taxonomía de insectos, usando términos específicos y diferentes combinaciones con operadores booleanos ("AND" y "OR"). Estrategia de búsqueda: tipos de estudios: artículos originales de investigación, artículos de revisión, libros y capítulos de libros; periodo de publicación: sin límite inicial a junio del 2020; idiomas: inglés, español y portugués. Resultados. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 99 estudios, 84 en las 4 bases de datos electrónicas y 15 en las bases de datos especializadas, de los cuales 41 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. También se incluyó un registro adicional debido a su relevancia con el objetivo de la revisión. Los estudios incluidos fueron artículos originales (n=28), artículos de revisión (n=6), libros (n=5), capítulos de libro (n=2) y tesis de pregrado (n=1). Respecto al idioma de publicación, 25 (59.52%) estaban en inglés y 17 (40.48%), en español. Conclusiones. En Perú, la mayor diversidad de géneros de mosquitos se encuentra presente en los departamentos de Loreto, Huánuco y Madre de Dios. El conocimiento sobre la diversidad de mosquitos en Perú que tienen el potencial de generar problemas de salud es relativamente escaso y se centra en el Aedes aegypti y algunas especies de los géneros Anopheles y Culex, dejando de lado una rica diversidad distribuida en los bosques amazónicos, la selva alta y los valles interandinos.

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          Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes

          This study unifies quantitative methods with dated molecular phylogenies of different lineages to identify biogeographical regions and understand the spatial and temporal evolution of the biota in one of the most biodiverse hotspots of the planet, the tropical Andes. We found complex distribution patterns reflected in a significantly higher number of bioregions than previous regionalization work has identified. In addition, this study found evidence that bioregions’ drivers were processes of Andean uplift and mountain dispersal facilitated by temperature oscillations during the Pleistocene. Therefore, Andean bioregions were formed from a combination of vicariance and dispersal events, which occurred in different time periods. Our results will help set conservation priorities that preserve the evolutionary patterns of biodiversity. Understanding the spatial and temporal evolution of biota in the tropical Andes is a major challenge, given the region’s topographic complexity and high beta diversity. We used a network approach to find biogeographic regions (bioregions) based on high-resolution species distribution models for 151 endemic bird taxa. Then, we used dated molecular phylogenies of 14 genera to reconstruct the area history through a sequence of allopatric speciation processes. We identified 15 biogeographical regions and found 26 events of isolation and diversification within their boundaries that are independently confirmed with disjunct distributions of sister taxa. Furthermore, these events are spatially congruent with six geographical barriers related to warm and/or dry river valleys, discontinuities in elevation, and high peaks separating fauna from different range slopes. The most important barrier is the Marañon River Valley, which limits the boundaries of four bioregions and is congruent with eight phylogenetic distribution breaks, separating the Central and Northern Andes, where the most bioregions are found. We also show that many bioregions have diffuse and overlapping structures, with contact and transition zones that challenge previous conceptions of biogeographical regions as spatially simple in structure. This study found evidence that the drivers of our identified bioregions were processes of Andean uplift and mountain dispersal facilitated by temperature oscillations of the Pleistocene. Therefore, Andean bioregions were not formed from one simple biogeographical event in a certain time frame, but from a combination of vicariance and dispersal events, which occurred in different time periods.
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            Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships

            The tribe Aedini (Family Culicidae) contains approximately one-quarter of the known species of mosquitoes, including vectors of deadly or debilitating disease agents. This tribe contains the genus Aedes, which is one of the three most familiar genera of mosquitoes. During the past decade, Aedini has been the focus of a series of extensive morphology-based phylogenetic studies published by Reinert, Harbach, and Kitching (RH&K). Those authors created 74 new, elevated or resurrected genera from what had been the single genus Aedes, almost tripling the number of genera in the entire family Culicidae. The proposed classification is based on subjective assessments of the “number and nature of the characters that support the branches” subtending particular monophyletic groups in the results of cladistic analyses of a large set of morphological characters of representative species. To gauge the stability of RH&K’s generic groupings we reanalyzed their data with unweighted parsimony jackknife and maximum-parsimony analyses, with and without ordering 14 of the characters as in RH&K. We found that their phylogeny was largely weakly supported and their taxonomic rankings failed priority and other useful taxon-naming criteria. Consequently, we propose simplified aedine generic designations that 1) restore a classification system that is useful for the operational community; 2) enhance the ability of taxonomists to accurately place new species into genera; 3) maintain the progress toward a natural classification based on monophyletic groups of species; and 4) correct the current classification system that is subject to instability as new species are described and existing species more thoroughly defined. We do not challenge the phylogenetic hypotheses generated by the above-mentioned series of morphological studies. However, we reduce the ranks of the genera and subgenera of RH&K to subgenera or informal species groups, respectively, to preserve stability as new data become available.
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              Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of tropical arthropod species richness.

              There is a bewildering range of estimates for the number of arthropods on Earth. Several measures are based on extrapolation from species specialized to tropical rain forest, each using specific assumptions and justifications. These approaches have not provided any sound measure of uncertainty associated with richness estimates. We present two models that account for parameter uncertainty by replacing point estimates with probability distributions. The models predict medians of 3.7 million and 2.5 million tropical arthropod species globally, with 90% confidence intervals of [2.0, 7.4] million and [1.1, 5.4] million, respectively. Estimates of 30 million or greater are predicted to have <0.00001 probability. Sensitivity analyses identified uncertainty in the proportion of canopy arthropod species that are beetles as the most influential parameter, although uncertainties associated with three other parameters were also important. Using the median estimates suggests that in spite of 250 years of taxonomy and around 855,000 species of arthropods already described, approximately 70% await description.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rfmun
                Revista de la Facultad de Medicina
                rev.fac.med.
                Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0120-0011
                September 2022
                : 70
                : 3
                : e400
                Affiliations
                [1] Ayacucho Ayacucho orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga orgdiv1Faculty of Biological Sciences Peru
                [7] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Federico Villarreal orgdiv1Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Peru
                [5] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos orgdiv1Faculty of Biological Sciences Peru
                [8] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Científica del Sur orgdiv1Environmental Engineering Laboratory Peru
                [4] Ayacucho Ayacucho orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga orgdiv1Faculty of Biological Sciences Peru
                [2] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Peru
                [3] Ayacucho Ayacucho orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga Peru
                [6] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Peru
                Article
                S0120-00112022000300400 S0120-0011(22)07000300400
                10.15446/revfacmed.v70n3.92324
                3d95e367-fbe6-447f-bd59-686f39877419

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 July 2021
                : 11 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Review article

                Mosquitos vectores,Perú,Vectores artrópodos (DeCS),Arthropod Vectors,Culicidae,Insect Vectors,Mosquito Vectors,Peru,Vector Borne Diseases (MeSH),Enfermedades transmitidas por vectores,Insectos vectores

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