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      Factores asociados al consumo juvenil de alcohol: una revisión desde una perspectiva psicosocial y ecológica Translated title: Factors associated with youth alcohol consumption: a review from a psychosocial and ecological perspective

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          Abstract

          El consumo abusivo de alcohol en la adolescencia es, en el momento actual, un importante problema de salud pública, hasta el punto de que su prevención se ha convertido en una de las prioridades en las políticas de salud. También, y en el ámbito de la intervención social, se ha venido estudiando, en los últimos años, los factores psicosociales implicados en ese consumo. En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo una revisión de esos factores en el marco de la perspectiva ecológica, en la que se integran las variables psicológicas, relacionales y socioculturales. El consumo de alcohol es analizado como parte integrante de la cultura juvenil, despojando la explicación de contenidos patologistas o moralistas, y aproximándonos a la concepción de que el consumo de alcohol es un medio que utiliza el adolescente para lograr su ajuste en una sociedad que se caracteriza por la complejidad. Se analiza, en primer lugar, las variables disposicionales del sujeto, seguidamente se repasan las provenientes del contexto familiar y, finalmente, se explora la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y los factores del entorno sociocultural.

          Translated abstract

          Abusive alcohol consumption in adolescence is currently an important problem of public health, to the point that prevention has become a priority in health policies. Also, in the field of social intervention, the psychosocial factors involved in that consumption has been studied in the last years. In the present work a revision of those factors is carried out from the ecological perspective, in which psychological, relational and sociocultural variables are integrated. Alcohol consumption is analyzed as part of the youth culture, rejecting explanations of pathological or moralistic content, and following an approach in which alcohol consumption is understood as a mean used by the adolescent in order to achieve adjustment in a society characterized by complexity. First, individual dispositional variables are analysed; following this, variables from the family context are examined, and finally the relationship between alcohol consumption and factors of the sociocultural context are explored.

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          Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered.

          J Arnett (1999)
          G. S. Hall's (1904) view that adolescence is a period of heightened "storm and stress" is reconsidered in light of contemporary research. The author provides a brief history of the storm-and-stress view and examines 3 key aspects of this view: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risk behavior. In all 3 areas, evidence supports a modified storm-and-stress view that takes into account individual differences and cultural variations. Not all adolescents experience storm and stress, but storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages. Adolescent storm and stress tends to be lower in traditional cultures than in the West but may increase as globalization increases individualism. Similar issues apply to minority cultures in American society. Finally, although the general public is sometimes portrayed by scholars as having a stereotypical view of adolescent storm and stress, both scholars and the general public appear to support a modified storm-and-stress view.
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            Characteristics of binge drinkers in Europe.

            Binge drinking has been shown to be associated with considerable social harm and disease burden. This review aims to give an overview from a European perspective of the socio-demographical, individual, and social factors that affect binge drinking and to identify effective interventions to reduce binge drinking. To this end, a computer-assisted search of relevant articles was conducted. Results showed that males tended to binge drinking more frequently than females. Binge drinking was most prevalent among adolescents and young adults, and prevalence levelled off later in life. Socio-economic conditions seemed to have an effect on binge drinking, independent of their effects on the volume of alcohol consumed. The early onset of binge drinking was associated with a history of drinking in the family, but pathways into adulthood are less clear. Binge drinking often co-occurred with other substance use. Motives for binge drinking included both social camaraderie and tension reduction. Which aspect prevails may vary according to the type of binge drinker, but to date has not been satisfactorily explained. Binge drinkers were not likely to know enough about or be aware of the potential risks of bingeing. Pressure from peers was one of the strongest influencing factors for binge drinking and seemed to outweigh parental influences, especially from late adolescence onwards. Binge drinking also varied according to both the predominant adult and adolescent drinking culture with more binge drinking in the northern and middle parts of Europe compared to the southern parts. Thus, a variety of socio-demographical, individual, and social characteristics associated with binge drinking have been identified. However, knowledge in this area is limited, as most research has been conducted among particular groups in specific situations, in particular North American college students. More research in Europe is urgently needed, as results from other cultural backgrounds are difficult to generalize. Copyright 2003 Elsevier Ltd.
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              Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability.

              Epidemiological studies indicate that experimentation with addictive drugs and onset of addictive disorders is primarily concentrated in adolescence and young adulthood. The authors describe basic and clinical data supporting adolescent neurodevelopment as a biologically critical period of greater vulnerability for experimentation with substances and acquisition of substance use disorders. The authors reviewed recent literature regarding neurocircuitry underlying motivation, impulsivity, and addiction, with a focus on studies investigating adolescent neurodevelopment. Adolescent neurodevelopment occurs in brain regions associated with motivation, impulsivity, and addiction. Adolescent impulsivity and/or novelty seeking as a transitional trait behavior can be explained in part by maturational changes in frontal cortical and subcortical monoaminergic systems. These developmental processes may advantageously promote learning drives for adaptation to adult roles but may also confer greater vulnerability to the addictive actions of drugs. An exploration of developmental changes in neurocircuitry involved in impulse control has significant implications for understanding adolescent behavior, addiction vulnerability, and the prevention of addiction in adolescence and adulthood.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                inter
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid (Madrid )
                1132-0559
                April 2011
                : 20
                : 1
                : 75-94
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universitat de València Spain
                Article
                S1132-05592011000100008
                10.5093/in2011v20n1a7
                3d102ffb-b0d5-4189-9beb-240da72cca41

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                abusive alcohol consumption,adolescence,alcohol,drugs,ecological model,adolescencia,consumo abusivo de alcohol,drogas,modelo ecológico

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