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      Use of bioacoustics in species identification: Piranhas from genus Pygocentrus (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae) as a case study

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          Abstract

          The genus Pygocentrus contains three valid piranha species ( P. cariba, P. nattereri and P. piraya) that are allopatric in tropical and subtropical freshwater environments of South America. This study uses acoustic features to differentiate the three species. Sounds were recorded in P. cariba, two populations of P. nattereri (red- and yellow-bellied) and P. piraya; providing sound description for the first time in P. cariba and P. piraya. Calls of P. cariba were distinct from all the other studied populations. Red- and yellow-bellied P. nattereri calls were different from each other but yellow-bellied P. nattereri calls were similar to those of P. piraya. These observations can be explained by considering that the studied specimens of yellow-bellied P. nattereri have been wrongly identified and are actually a sub-population of P. piraya. Morphological examinations and recent fish field recordings in the Araguari River strongly support our hypothesis. This study shows for the first time that sounds can be used to discover identification errors in the teleost taxa.

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          Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation.

          The taxonomic challenge posed by cryptic species (two or more distinct species classified as a single species) has been recognized for nearly 300 years, but the advent of relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing has given biologists a new tool for detecting and differentiating morphologically similar species. Here, we synthesize the literature on cryptic and sibling species and discuss trends in their discovery. However, a lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups. The discovery of cryptic species is likely to be non-random with regard to taxon and biome and, hence, could have profound implications for evolutionary theory, biogeography and conservation planning.
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            Plasticity in echolocation signals of European pipistrelle bats in search flight: implications for habitat use and prey detection

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              Empirical refinements applicable to the recording of fish sounds in small tanks.

              Many underwater bioacoustical recording experiments (e.g., fish sound production during courtship or agonistic encounters) are usually conducted in a controlled laboratory environment of small-sized tanks. The effects of reverberation, resonance, and tank size on the characteristics of sound recorded inside small tanks have never been fully addressed, although these factors are known to influence the recordings. In this work, 5-cycle tone bursts of 1-kHz sound were used as a test signal to investigate the sound recorded in a 170-l rectangular glass tank at various depths and distances from a transducer. The dominant frequency, sound-pressure level, and power spectrum recorded in small tanks were significantly distorted compared to the original tone bursts. Due to resonance, the dominant frequency varied with water depth, and power spectrum level of the projected frequency decreased exponentially with increased distance between the hydrophone and the sound source; however, the resonant component was nearly uniform throughout the tank. Based on the empirical findings and theoretical calculation, a working protocol is presented that minimizes distortion in fish sound recordings in small tanks. To validate this approach, sounds produced by the croaking gourami (Trichopsis vittata) during staged agonistic encounters were recorded according to the proposed protocol in an 1800-l circular tank and in a 37-l rectangular tank to compare differences in acoustic characteristics associated with tank size and recording position. The findings underscore pitfalls associated with recording fish sounds in small tanks. Herein, an empirical solution to correct these distortions is provided.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                29 October 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0241316
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
                [2 ] Fish Passage Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
                University of Pavia, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1977-0289
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-0125
                Article
                PONE-D-20-09630
                10.1371/journal.pone.0241316
                7595327
                33119694
                3ca1d713-736c-4c11-94e4-8ca393ca104e
                © 2020 Raick et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 April 2020
                : 13 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 3, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002661, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS;
                Award ID: 2018/V 3/5/199 - JG/MS - 2718
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002661, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS;
                Award ID: 2018/V 3/5/200 - JG/MS - 2717
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: King Leopold III Fund for Nature Exploration and Conservation
                Award ID: 2018/1.12.
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002661, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS;
                Award ID: PDR no. 23625340
                X.R.: Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (2018/V 3/5/199 - JG/MS - 2718) A.H.: Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (2018/V 3/5/200 - JG/MS - 2717) X.R. & A. H.: King Leopold III Fund for Nature Exploration and Conservation (2018/1.12.) E.P. & X.R.: Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (PDR no. 23625340) https://www.frs-fnrs.be/fr/ http://www.naturalsciences.be/LIII/ The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Acoustics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fish
                Freshwater Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fish
                Freshwater Fish
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Acoustics
                Bioacoustics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Bioacoustics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Processes
                Speciation
                Cryptic Speciation
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                South America
                Brazil
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Bodies of Water
                Rivers
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Rivers
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Rivers
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Regression Analysis
                Linear Regression Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Regression Analysis
                Linear Regression Analysis
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Some specimens are available at the Aquarium-Museum of the University of Liège (vouchers R.E. 15271, 15272, 15273, 15274, 15275 and 17276).

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