Untangling the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction: a cross-sectional study on aesthetic and non-aesthetic female and male athletes aged 10 to 22 years

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Objectives

To explore the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction among young athletes in one aesthetic sport (gymnastics) and one non-aesthetic sport (basketball). The study hypothesise that (1) age, gender and type of sport (aesthetic or non-aesthetic) will predict body satisfaction scores, (2) autonomous motivation will positively be related to body satisfaction and (3) perfectionistic self-presentation will negatively be related to body satisfaction.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Method

209 athletes (132 gymnasts and 77 basketball players) aged 10–22 (median=13) years were recruited. After data screening, 200 athletes were included in analyses (females: n=155; males: n=45). Participants completed an online survey, which assessed demographic information, athlete motivation (Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire), perfectionistic self-presentation (Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale—Junior Form) and body satisfaction (Body Appreciation Scale-2).

Results

Hierarchical multiple regression showed age, self-assigned gender, and two facets of perfectionistic self-presentation (ie, perfectionistic presentation and non-disclosure of imperfection) to predict reported levels of body satisfaction significantly. Subsequently, adding motivational variables did not improve the model. A moderation analysis showed that the relationship between non-disclosure of imperfection and body satisfaction was significantly moderated by gender.

Conclusions

Two facets of perfectionistic self-presentation were associated with reported body satisfaction. Additionally, the relationship between non-disclosure of imperfection and body satisfaction appears to differ between female and male athletes. Researchers should move beyond sport types and identify factors (eg, perfectionistic self-presentation) at the individual and environmental levels that can protect young athletes’ body satisfaction.

Related collections

Most cited references 39

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport

Rochelle M. Eime, Janet A. Young, Jack Harvey … (2013)

Background There are specific guidelines regarding the level of physical activity (PA) required to provide health benefits. However, the research underpinning these PA guidelines does not address the element of social health. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence about the levels or types of PA associated specifically with psychological health. This paper first presents the results of a systematic review of the psychological and social health benefits of participation in sport by children and adolescents. Secondly, the information arising from the systematic review has been used to develop a conceptual model. Methods A systematic review of 14 electronic databases was conducted in June 2012, and studies published since 1990 were considered for inclusion. Studies that addressed mental and/or social health benefits from participation in sport were included. Results A total of 3668 publications were initially identified, of which 30 met the selection criteria. There were many different psychological and social health benefits reported, with the most commonly being improved self-esteem, social interaction followed by fewer depressive symptoms. Sport may be associated with improved psychosocial health above and beyond improvements attributable to participation in PA. Specifically, team sport seems to be associated with improved health outcomes compared to individual activities, due to the social nature of the participation. A conceptual model, Health through Sport, is proposed. The model depicts the relationship between psychological, psychosocial and social health domains, and their positive associations with sport participation, as reported in the literature. However, it is acknowledged that the capacity to determine the existence and direction of causal links between participation and health is limited by the fact that the majority of studies identified (n=21) were cross-sectional. Conclusion It is recommended that community sport participation is advocated as a form of leisure time PA for children and adolescents, in an effort to not only improve physical health in relation to such matters as the obesity crisis, but also to enhance psychological and social health outcomes. It is also recommended that the causal link between participation in sport and psychosocial health be further investigated and the conceptual model of Health through Sport tested.

0 comments Cited 347 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

The Body Appreciation Scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluation.

Nichole L Wood-Barcalow, Tracy Tylka (2015)

Considered a positive body image measure, the 13-item Body Appreciation Scale (BAS; Avalos, Tylka, & Wood-Barcalow, 2005) assesses individuals' acceptance of, favorable opinions toward, and respect for their bodies. While the BAS has accrued psychometric support, we improved it by rewording certain BAS items (to eliminate sex-specific versions and body dissatisfaction-based language) and developing additional items based on positive body image research. In three studies, we examined the reworded, newly developed, and retained items to determine their psychometric properties among college and online community (Amazon Mechanical Turk) samples of 820 women and 767 men. After exploratory factor analysis, we retained 10 items (five original BAS items). Confirmatory factor analysis upheld the BAS-2's unidimensionality and invariance across sex and sample type. Its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct (convergent, incremental, and discriminant) validity were supported. The BAS-2 is a psychometrically sound positive body image measure applicable for research and clinical settings.

0 comments Cited 205 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Risk factors for onset of eating disorders: evidence of multiple risk pathways from an 8-year prospective study.

Eric Stice, C. Nathan Marti, Shelley Durant (2011)

Use classification tree analysis with lagged predictors to determine empirically derived cut-points for identifying adolescent girls at risk for future onset of threshold, subthreshold, and partial eating disorders and test for interactions between risk factors that may implicate qualitatively distinct risk pathways. Data were drawn from a prospective study of 496 adolescent girls who completed diagnostic interviews and surveys annually for 8 years. Body dissatisfaction emerged as the most potent predictor; adolescent girls in the upper 24% of body dissatisfaction showed a 4.0-fold increased incidence of eating disorder onset (24% vs. 6%). Among participants in the high body dissatisfaction branch, those in the upper 32% of depressive symptoms showed a 2.9-fold increased incidence of onset (43% vs. 15%). Among participants in the low body dissatisfaction branch, those in the upper 12% of dieting showed a 3.6-fold increased incidence onset (18% vs. 5%). This three-way interaction suggests a body dissatisfaction pathway to eating disorder onset that is amplified by depressive symptoms, as well as a pathway characterized by self-reported dieting among young women who are more satisfied with their bodies. It may be possible to increase the effectiveness of prevention programs by targeting each of these qualitatively distinct risk groups, rather than only individuals with a single risk factor. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

0 comments Cited 153 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

Journal ID (hwp): bmjosem

Journal ID (publisher-id): bmjosem

Title: BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine

Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )

ISSN (Electronic): 2055-7647

Publication date Collection: 2024

Publication date (Electronic): 1 July 2024

Volume: 10

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: e001975

Affiliations

[1 ] departmentDepartment of Behavioural Sciences and Learning , Ringgold_4566Linköping University , Linkoping, Sweden

[2 ] departmentAthletics Research Center , Ringgold_4566Linköping University , Linkoping, Sweden

[3 ] departmentDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences , Ringgold_4566Linköping University , Linkoping, Sweden

[4 ] departmentFlinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing , Ringgold_1065Flinders University , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Author notes

[Correspondence to ] Dr Carolina Lundqvist; carolina.lundqvist@ 123456liu.se

Author information

Carolina Lundqvist http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-5480

Örn Kolbeinsson http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5172-5384

Anna Asratian http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7696-0508

Tracey D Wade http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-770X

Article

Publisher ID: bmjsem-2024-001975

DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001975

PMC ID: 11217999

PubMed ID: 38962362

SO-VID: 3c3bcaae-dd40-46ed-8bd1-e51f75ffd0c6

License:

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

History

Date accepted : 13 June 2024

Custom metadata

special-feature unlocked

Keywords: adolescent,athlete,body image,eating disorders,psychology

Data availability:

Keywords: adolescent, athlete, body image, eating disorders, psychology

Untangling the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction: a cross-sectional study on aesthetic and non-aesthetic female and male athletes aged 10 to 22 years

Read this article at

Abstract

Objectives

Design

Method

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

Hogrefe Psychology

Most cited references 39

A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport

The Body Appreciation Scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluation.

Risk factors for onset of eating disorders: evidence of multiple risk pathways from an 8-year prospective study.

Author and article information

Journal

Affiliations

Author notes

Author information

Article

History

Categories

Custom metadata

Comments

Comment on this article

Similar content 167

Most referenced authors 561