Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in apparently healthy cats regarding age, gender, breed, diet type, reproductive status, and housing condition

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Abstract

Background:

Optimal vitamin D levels for an effective role in immune function and rickets prevention are thought to vary, but have not yet been definitively determined. Reports on reference values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in cats are limited.

Aims:

The study provides information about serum 25(OH)D values in cats with different age, gender, breed, diet type, reproductive status, housing condition, and also the relationship between these levels and various hematological and biochemical parameters.

Methods:

Clinically healthy cats (88) were included in the study. Physical examination and assessment of hematological and biochemical parameters were performed on cats in order to confirm their health status. Reference value of serum 25(OH)D was assayed by ELISA method and the effects of age (under six months and above six months), gender, breed, diet (only commercial diet, only homemade food, mixture of commercial and homemade food), reproduction status, and housing conditions on serum 25(OH)D was determined.

Results:

The median, 2.5% and 97.5% of 25(OH)D in sampled cats were 19.74 ng/ml, 3.12 ng/ml, and 92.1 ng/ml, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was lower when homemade diet was used compared to commercial and mixed diets as well as in cats under six months of age compared to older cats.

Conclusion:

Diet type and age can affect serum 25(OH)D levels in healthy cats while other parameters had no significant effects.

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Most cited references 23

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Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations.

Robin Morris (2002)

Cats have obligatory requirements for dietary nutrients that are not essential for other mammals. The present review relates these idiosyncratic nutritional requirements to activities of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of these nutrients. The high protein requirement of cats is a consequence of the lack of regulation of the aminotransferases of dispensable N metabolism and of the urea cycle enzymes. The dietary requirements for taurine and arginine are consequences of low activities of two enzymes in the pathways of synthesis that have a negative multiplicative effect on the rate of synthesis. Cats have obligatory dietary requirements for vitamin D and niacin which are the result of high activities of enzymes that catabolise precursors of these vitamins to other compounds. The dietary requirement for pre-formed vitamin A appears to result from deletion of enzymes required for cleavage and oxidation of carotenoids. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) requirements have not been defined but low activities of desaturase enzymes indicate that cats may have a dietary need for pre-formed PUFA in addition to those needed by other animals to maintain normal plasma concentrations. The nutrient requirements of domestic cats support the thesis that their idiosyncratic requirements arose from evolutionary pressures arising from a rigorous diet of animal tissue. These pressures may have favoured energy conservation through deletion of redundant enzymes and modification of enzyme activities to result in metabolites more suited to the cat's metabolism. However, this retrospective viewpoint allows only recognition of association rather than cause and effect.

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Vitamin D3 metabolism in dogs.

H.A.W. Hazewinkel, M.A. Tryfonidou (2002)

Plasma concentrations of the main vitamin D(3) metabolites (i.e., 25(OH)D(3), 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and 24,25(OH)(2)D(3)) were measured in 14 weeks old large- and small-breed dogs (adult body weight 60 kg vs. 6 kg), raised under the same conditions. Levels of 25(OH)D(3) (approx. 22 microg/l) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (approx. 40 ng/l) were similar in both groups, whereas plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations were lower in large-breed dogs (7 microg/l vs. 70 microg/l, large- vs. small-breed dogs, respectively). The lower plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations could be explained by the higher plasma GH and IGF-I concentrations in the large- vs. small-breed dogs, and these hormones are known to suppress 24-hydroxylation. Plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations increased during Ca supplementation in small-breed but not in large-breed dogs (100 microg/l vs. 7 microg/l, respectively). Hypophosphatemia induced by a high dietary Ca content was only seen together with increased plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations in euparathyroid dogs and not in hypoparathyroid dogs. Hyperparathyroidism due to Ca deficiency was accompanied by increased plasma 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations and decreased plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations in both large- and small-breed dogs, together with generalized osteoporosis. Large-breed pups fed on a standard diet supplemented with Ca and P had decreased plasma concentrations of both 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), which may indicate an increased clearance of these metabolites; the low plasma concentrations of the di-hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites were considered responsible for the disturbance in cartilage maturation (i.e., osteochondrosis) in these dogs. Even lower concentrations of all vitamin D(3) metabolites were seen in young dogs raised on a vitamin D(3)-deficient diet, and led to disturbed osteoid and cartilage mineralization (i.e., rickets). These studies indicate that there is a hierarchy of factors regulating vitamin D(3) metabolism in dogs, i.e., GH and IGF-I suppress 24-hydroxylase more than hypercalcemia or hypophosphatemia does; 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) are only reciprocally related in hyperparathyroidism; excessive Ca and P intake increases the turnover of vitamin D(3) metabolites; and the synergism between parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)D(3) seems to play a role in skeletal mineralization. The low plasma 24,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations in large-breed dogs raised on standard dog food may play a role in the etiology of disturbances in endochondral ossification during the rapid growth phase.

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Age-related changes in nutrient utilization by companion animals.

Kathleen A. Barry, Kelly Swanson, George Fahey (2008)

As companion animals age and pass through various life stages from in utero to the geriatric state, nutrient requirements change along with the manner in which nutrients are utilized by the various organ systems in the body. From the regulatory perspective, recognized life stages include maintenance, growth, and gestation/lactation. Other important life stages include in utero, the neonate, and the senior/geriatric state. Age affects digestive physiological properties, too, and factors such as gut microbiota, digestive hormones, gut morphology, gut immunity, and nutrient digestibility are modified as the animal becomes older. Each of the nutrients is affected in some manner by age, some more than others. Genomic biology offers promise in helping elucidate in greater detail how nutrient utilization is affected by age of the dog and cat.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Vet Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Vet Res

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijvr

Title: Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research

Publisher: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shiraz (Shiraz, Iran )

ISSN (Print): 1728-1997

ISSN (Electronic): 2252-0589

Publication date (Print): 2023

Volume: 24

Issue: 3

Pages: 265-269

Affiliations

[1 ]Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

[2 ]DVSc Student, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

[3 ]Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: M. Mohri, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: mohri@um.ac.ir

Article

DOI: 10.22099/IJVR.2023.46793.6721

PMC ID: 10804432

PubMed ID: 38269014

SO-VID: 3bf34bb6-4877-4362-9591-d9d80227a1ef

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

History

Date received : 28 March 2023

Date revision received : 26 June 2023

Date accepted : 17 July 2023

Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in apparently healthy cats regarding age, gender, breed, diet type, reproductive status, and housing condition

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Abstract

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 23

Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations.

Vitamin D3 metabolism in dogs.

Age-related changes in nutrient utilization by companion animals.

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