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      • Article: found

      The Potential Depigmenting Activity of Retinaldehyde

      research-article
      Author(s): a , , a , b , a
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Dermatology
      Publisher: S. Karger AG
      Keywords: Skin, Depigmentation, Mice, Guinea pigs, Retinaldehyde

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          Abstract

          Background: Retinoids have been reported to exert depigmenting activity. Unlike most depigmenting agents that target tyrosinase, they are not phenolic agents and may act via different mechanisms. Objectives: We analysed the properties of retinaldehyde (RAL), a precursor of retinoic acid (RA), as a skin-lightening agent in various models. Methods: The viability and the depigmenting properties of RAL were assessed in murine melanocytes, in human reconstructed epidermis, and in mice and guinea pigs. The melanin content and cytotoxicity were assessed in melanocytes; in 3-dimensional models, the melanin concentration and the number of active melanocytes were determined. Results: RAL was taken up by melanocytes and mostly metabolised to retinol and retinyl esters, and to a lesser extent to RA. RAL decreased the melanin concentration of guinea pig ears and mouse tails by 54 and 74%, respectively, and decreased the number of active melanocytes by 42 and 77%, respectively. In reconstructed epidermis the melanin concentration was increased by 52%, whereas the number of active melanocytes decreased by 44%. Conclusion: RAL exerts a significant depigmenting activity with a mode of action that looks different from that of RA. Our data suggest a skin-lightening effect related to a melanolytic action (i.e. a decrease in melanin concentration, whatever the mechanism) rather than to melanocytotoxicity, besides other still unknown actions of RAL on melanocytes.

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          An Updated Review of Tyrosinase Inhibitors

          Te-Sheng Chang (2009)
          Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated, and copper-containing oxidase, which catalyzes the first two steps in mammalian melanogenesis and is responsible for enzymatic browning reactions in damaged fruits during post-harvest handling and processing. Neither hyperpigmentation in human skin nor enzymatic browning in fruits are desirable. These phenomena have encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use in foods and cosmetics. This article surveys tyrosinase inhibitors newly discovered from natural and synthetic sources. The inhibitory strength is compared with that of a standard inhibitor, kojic acid, and their inhibitory mechanisms are discussed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 312 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future.

            Y-J Kim, H Uyama (2005)
            Tyrosinase is known to be a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, involved in determining the color of mammalian skin and hair. Various dermatological disorders, such as melasma, age spots and sites of actinic damage, arise from the accumulation of an excessive level of epidermal pigmentation. In addition, unfavorable enzymatic browning of plant-derived foods by tyrosinase causes a decrease in nutritional quality and economic loss of food products. The inadequacy of current conventional techniques to prevent tyrosinase action encourages us to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors. This article overviews the various inhibitors obtained from natural and synthetic sources with their industrial importance.
            Article 0 comments Cited 201 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects.

              Stefania Briganti, Mauro Picardo, Mauro Picardo … (2006)
              An overview of agents causing hypopigmentation in human skin is presented. The review is organized to put forward groups of biological and chemical agents. Their mechanisms of action cover (i) tyrosinase inhibition, maturation and enhancement of its degradation; (ii) Mitf inhibition; (iii) downregulation of MC1R activity; (iv) interference with melanosome maturation and transfer; (v) melanocyte loss, desquamation and chemical peeling. Tyrosinase inhibition is the most common approach to achieve skin hypopigmentation as this enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of pigmentation. Despite the large number of tyrosinase inhibitors in vitro, only a few are able to induce effects in clinical trials. The gap between in-vitro and in-vivo studies suggests that innovative strategies are needed for validating their efficacy and safety. Successful treatments need the combination of two or more agents acting on different mechanisms to achieve a synergistic effect. In addition to tyrosinase inhibition, other parameters related to cytotoxicity, solubility, cutaneous absorption, penetration and stability of the agents should be considered. The screening test system is also very important as keratinocytes play an active role in modulating melanogenesis within melanocytes. Mammalian skin or at least keratinocytes/melanocytes co-cultures should be preferred rather than pure melanocyte cultures or soluble tyrosinase.
              Article 0 comments Cited 153 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DRM
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dermatology
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1018-8665
                Title: Dermatology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1018-8665
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9832
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2013
                Publication date (Print): November 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 September 2013
                Volume: 227
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 231-237
                Affiliations
                aSwiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Geneva, and bDepartment of Dermatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
                Author notes
                *Olivier Sorg, Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Geneva, 1, rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva (Switzerland), E-Mail olivier.sorg@unige.ch
                Article
                Publisher ID: 354294 Other ID: Dermatology 2013;227:231-237
                DOI: 10.1159/000354294
                PubMed ID: 24080511
                SO-VID: 3be68c04-bbcd-433a-a790-e8cd2f8cdb7d
                Copyright © © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 27 June 2013
                Date accepted : 10 July 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Mice,Depigmentation,Skin,Guinea pigs,Retinaldehyde
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Mice, Depigmentation, Skin, Guinea pigs, Retinaldehyde

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