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      Inseguridad alimentaria y su asociación con la obesidad y los riesgos cardiometabólicos en mujeres mexicanas Translated title: Food insecurity and its association with obesity and cardiometabolic risks in Mexican women

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la principal evidencia científica que asocie la inseguridad alimentaria con una mayor frecuencia de obesidad y riesgos cardiometabólicos en mujeres mexicanas. Diseño: revisión sistemática. Fuentes de datos: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts y PAIS Index. Selección de estudios: artículos que reunieran los criterios de calidad de las revistas e integraran la situación de inseguridad alimentaria y salud, en los que se viera la situación de vulnerabilidad en las estadísticas actuales de enfermedades y riesgos cardiometabólicos asociados con la situación de inseguridad alimentaria en mujeres y sus hogares. Extracción de datos: relevancia y calidad de los resultados respecto a la seguridad alimentaria, la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, e indicadores socioambientales en las mujeres. Resultados: los hogares encabezados por mujeres presentaron mayor riesgo de tener algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria o carencia alimentaria, asociándose esta con la presencia de obesidad y sobrepeso (RR = 1,28 a 2,97; IC 95 %: 1,08-1,44 a 1,52-6,14) así como con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas como la diabetes mellitus (siendo el embarazo, como antecedente, un factor de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes e hipertensión), presentar partos prematuros, tener menor estatura en la etapa adulta, una deficiencia de micronutrimentos como el hierro y de vitaminas antioxidantes. Conclusiones: la evidencia encontrada muestra una asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria encontrada en las mujeres y sus hogares con una mayor probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso y obesidad, así como el desarrollo de una enfermedad de índole cardiometabólica (diabetes, hipertensión), además de anemia y deficiencia de vitaminas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: we conducted a systematic review of the main scientific evidence that associates food insecurity with a higher frequency of obesity and cardiometabolic risks in Mexican women. Design: a systematic review. Data sources: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts and PAIS Index. Selection criteria: articles that met the journal quality criteria and integrated food status with health insecurity, in which the situation of vulnerability in the current statistics for cardiometabolic diseases and risks that are associated with food insecurity was shown in women and their homes. Data analysis: relevance and quality of the results regarding food security, the presence of overweight and obesity, and socio-environmental indicators in women. Results: households headed by women who are at higher risk of having some degree of food insecurity or food assistance associated with the presence of obesity and overweight (RR = 1.28 to 2.97; 95 % CI: 1.08-1.44 to 1.52-6.14) as well as the development of cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (with a history of pregnancy as risk factor for developing diabetes and hypertension) presenting premature labor, shorter stature in the adult stage, a deficiency in micronutrients such as iron and antioxidant vitamins. Conclusion: the evidence found shows an association of food insecurity as found in women and their homes with a greater risk of being overweight and obese, as well as the development of a cardiometabolic disease (diabetes, hypertension), in addition to anemia and vitamin deficiency.

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          The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

          Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious pregnancy complication, in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation. In most cases, this hyperglycemia is the result of impaired glucose tolerance due to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction on a background of chronic insulin resistance. Risk factors for GDM include overweight and obesity, advanced maternal age, and a family history or any form of diabetes. Consequences of GDM include increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and macrosomia and birth complications in the infant. There is also a longer-term risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the child. GDM affects approximately 16.5% of pregnancies worldwide, and this number is set to increase with the escalating obesity epidemic. While several management strategies exist—including insulin and lifestyle interventions—there is not yet a cure or an efficacious prevention strategy. One reason for this is that the molecular mechanisms underlying GDM are poorly defined. This review discusses what is known about the pathophysiology of GDM, and where there are gaps in the literature that warrant further exploration.
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            The food insecurity-obesity paradox: a review of the literature and the role food stamps may play.

            During the past decade, rates of food insecurity and obesity have risen, and an association has been made between these two seemingly paradoxical states. Although this relationship has not been repeatedly seen in men, research suggests a correlation in women. Studies have not been able to consistently show a relationship in children, because findings differ based on age, race/ethnicity, household income, and sex. Several proposed hypotheses explain why a correlation between food insecurity and obesity exists in adults - especially women - but not in children. This review proposes a conceptual framework linking the Food Stamp Program and other coping strategies to the food insecurity-obesity relationship. This link has implications for Food Stamp Program policy changes, welfare reform, and poverty prevention.
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              Household food insecurity is associated with self-reported pregravid weight status, gestational weight gain, and pregnancy complications.

              Household food insecurity is positively associated with weight among women. The association between household food insecurity and pregnancy-related weight gain and complications is not well understood. To identify whether an independent association exists between household food insecurity and pregnancy-related complications. Data from the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition prospective cohort study were used to assess household food insecurity retrospectively using the US Department of Agriculture 18-item Core Food Security Module among 810 pregnant women with incomes < or =400% of the income/poverty ratio, recruited between January 2001 and June 2005 and followed through pregnancy. Self-reported pregravid body mass index, gestational weight gain, second trimester anemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Multivariate linear, multinomial logistic, and logistic regression analyses. Among 810 pregnant women, 76% were from fully food secure, 14% were from marginally food secure, and 10% were from food insecure households. In adjusted models, living in a food insecure household was significantly associated with severe pregravid obesity (adjusted odds ratio 2.97, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 1.44 to 6.14), higher gestational weight gain (adjusted beta coefficient 1.87, 95% CI 0.13 to 3.62), and with a higher adequacy of weight gain ratio (adjusted beta .27, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.50). Marginal food security was significantly associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (adjusted odds ratio 2.76, 95% CI 1.00 to 7.66). This study highlights the possibility that living in a food insecure household during pregnancy may increase risk of greater weight gain and pregnancy complications. Copyright 2010 American Dietetic Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                April 2021
                : 38
                : 2
                : 388-395
                Affiliations
                [2] A.C. León Guanajuato orgnameObservatorio Universitario de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional del Estado de Guanajuato México
                [1] León orgnameUniversidad de Guanajuato orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición orgdiv2Laboratorio de Nutrición Ambiental y Seguridad Alimentaria. Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición Mexico
                Article
                S0212-16112021000200388 S0212-1611(21)03800200388
                10.20960/nh.03389
                3be1f3c7-b0da-424b-9a64-f313f5c96915

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 October 2020
                : 28 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                Inseguridad alimentaria,Obesidad,Mujeres,Food insecurity,Obesity,Women

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