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Intranasal insulin improves cognition and modulates beta-amyloid in early AD.
M A Reger
1 ,
G S Watson ,
P S Green ,
C W Wilkinson ,
L D Baker ,
B Cholerton ,
M A Fishel ,
S R Plymate ,
J C S Breitner ,
W DeGroodt ,
P Mehta ,
S Craft
Feb 05 2008
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Abstract
Reduced brain insulin signaling and low CSF-to-plasma insulin ratios have been observed in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Furthermore, intracerebroventricular or IV insulin administration improve memory, alter evoked potentials, and modulate neurotransmitters, possibly by augmenting low brain levels. After intranasal administration, insulin-like peptides follow extracellular pathways to the brain within 15 minutes.