Integrative Role of Albumin: Evolutionary, Biochemical and Pathophysiological Aspects

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Abstract

Being one of the main proteins in the human body and many animal species, albumin plays a crucial role in the transport of various ions, electrically neutral molecules and in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure of the blood. Albumin is able to bind almost all known drugs, many nutraceuticals and toxic substances, determining their pharmaco- and toxicokinetics. However, albumin is not only the passive but also the active participant of the pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic processes possessing a number of enzymatic activities. Due to the thiol group of Cys34, albumin can serve as a trap for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thus participating in redox processes. The interaction of the protein with blood cells, blood vessels, and also with tissue cells outside the vascular bed is of great importance. The interaction of albumin with endothelial glycocalyx and vascular endothelial cells largely determines its integrative role. This review provides information of a historical nature, information on evolutionary changes, inflammatory and antioxidant properties of albumin, on its structural and functional modifications and their significance in the pathogenesis of some diseases.

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Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales, Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina, Estefanía Gutiérrez-Ocampo … (2020)

Introduction An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 in China leading to a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Clinical, laboratory, and imaging features have been partially characterized in some observational studies. No systematic reviews on COVID-19 have been published to date. Methods We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using three databases to assess clinical, laboratory, imaging features, and outcomes of COVID-19 confirmed cases. Observational studies and also case reports, were included, and analyzed separately. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate pooled prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results 660 articles were retrieved for the time frame (1/1/2020-2/23/2020). After screening, 27 articles were selected for full-text assessment, 19 being finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Additionally, 39 case report articles were included and analyzed separately. For 656 patients, fever (88.7%, 95%CI 84.5–92.9%), cough (57.6%, 95%CI 40.8–74.4%) and dyspnea (45.6%, 95%CI 10.9–80.4%) were the most prevalent manifestations. Among the patients, 20.3% (95%CI 10.0–30.6%) required intensive care unit (ICU), 32.8% presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (95%CI 13.7–51.8), 6.2% (95%CI 3.1–9.3) with shock. Some 13.9% (95%CI 6.2–21.5%) of hospitalized patients had fatal outcomes (case fatality rate, CFR). Conclusion COVID-19 brings a huge burden to healthcare facilities, especially in patients with comorbidities. ICU was required for approximately 20% of polymorbid, COVID-19 infected patients and hospitalization was associated with a CFR of >13%. As this virus spreads globally, countries need to urgently prepare human resources, infrastructure and facilities to treat severe COVID-19.

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William C Aird (2007)

Endothelial cells, which form the inner cellular lining of blood vessels and lymphatics, display remarkable heterogeneity in structure and function. This is the second of a 2-part review on the phenotypic heterogeneity of blood vessel endothelial cells. The first part discusses the scope, the underlying mechanisms, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, these principles are applied to an understanding of organ-specific phenotypes in representative vascular beds including arteries and veins, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. The goal is to underscore the importance of site-specific properties of the endothelium in mediating homeostasis and focal vascular pathology, while at the same time emphasizing the value of approaching the endothelium as an integrated system.

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Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis.

Elisabeth M Zeisberg, Oleg Tarnavski, Michael Zeisberg … (2007)

Cardiac fibrosis, associated with a decreased extent of microvasculature and with disruption of normal myocardial structures, results from excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which is mediated by the recruitment of fibroblasts. The source of these fibroblasts is unclear and specific anti-fibrotic therapies are not currently available. Here we show that cardiac fibrosis is associated with the emergence of fibroblasts originating from endothelial cells, suggesting an endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) similar to events that occur during formation of the atrioventricular cushion in the embryonic heart. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) induced endothelial cells to undergo EndMT, whereas bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP-7) preserved the endothelial phenotype. The systemic administration of recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP-7) significantly inhibited EndMT and the progression of cardiac fibrosis in mouse models of pressure overload and chronic allograft rejection. Our findings show that EndMT contributes to the progression of cardiac fibrosis and that rhBMP-7 can be used to inhibit EndMT and to intervene in the progression of chronic heart disease associated with fibrosis.

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Author and article information

Contributors

D. A. Belinskaia: daria.belinskaya@iephb.ru

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Evol Biochem Physiol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Evol Biochem Physiol

Title: Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology

Publisher: Pleiades Publishing (Moscow )

ISSN (Print): 0022-0930

ISSN (Electronic): 1608-3202

Publication date (Electronic): 20 December 2021

Publication date (Print): 2021

Volume: 57

Issue: 6

Pages: 1419-1448

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.419730.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0440 2269, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ; St. Petersburg, Russia

[2 ]Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, p/o Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District, Leningrad Region, Russia

Article

Publisher ID: 8165

DOI: 10.1134/S002209302106020X

PMC ID: 8685822

PubMed ID: 34955553

SO-VID: 3b64204d-9c4b-4a3a-a5a7-9997ae4cb131

License:

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

History

Date received : 26 February 2021

Date revision received : 2 April 2021

Date accepted : 2 April 2021

Custom metadata

Keywords: albumin,blood plasma,oxidative stress,endothelium,glycocalyx,transporting function,transcytosis

Data availability:

Keywords: albumin, blood plasma, oxidative stress, endothelium, glycocalyx, transporting function, transcytosis

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