Efecto de la interacción del hongo micorrícico arbuscular (AMF) Glomus intraradices y Trichoderma Iiarzianiim sobre la producción de plantines de melón en zonas áridas

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Abstract

Esta investigación fue realizada en un invernadero semicontrolado de la Estación Experimental Canchones, donde se evaluó el efecto interactivo del hongo micorrícico arbuscular (AMF) Glomus intraradices y Trichoderma harzianum (Th) sobre los parámetros de crecimiento, diferenciación, indicadores de estrés y bioquímicos en plántulas de melón; así como también el porcentaje de micor-rización y unidades formadoras de colonia de Th (UFC). El material vegetal utilizado correspondió a melón cv. Honeydew tipo Inodorus. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: control (T0), inoculación con GI en dosis de 40 esporas * planta-1 (Ti), inoculación con GI en dosis de 40 esporas planta-1 + 1,5 * 10(8) UFC de Th bandeja-1 (T2) e inoculación con Th en dosis 1,5 * 10(8) bandeja-1 (T3). La inoculación con GI se realizó en el momento de la siembra y la inoculación con Th se realizó 15 días después. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado realizándose un análisis de varianza multifactorial (ANOVA) y para la separación de medias se utilizó el test LSD, mediante el programa estadístico INFOSTAT a un α = 0,05. Los resultados obtenidos 50 días después de la siembra determinaron que la coinoculación con GI + Th (T2) disminuyó el porcentaje de micorrización por una acción antagónica de Th sobre GI, comparándolo con el mayor porcentaje de micorrización determinado en T1, en los tratamientos T0 y T3 no se determinó colonización micorrícica. En cuanto a los tratamientos inoculados con Th (T2 y T3), no se determinaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos inoculados, pero sí se determinó una disminución en la población de Th entre los días 1 y 50. La inoculación solo con GI presentó mayor producción de biomasa radical, mayor relación peso seco raíz : peso seco vástago y menor índice de ahilamiento. La actividad nitrato reductasa (NRI/NRE) fue afectada solo en los tratamientos inoculados con GI, determinándose una mayor relación en estos tratamientos. La coinoculación entre GI y Trichoderma no determinó un efecto como promotor de crecimiento en las plantas de melón; es más, Trichoderma tuvo un efecto detrimental sobre la colonización micorrícica. Al contrario, GI inoculado de forma individual tuvo un efecto sobre el crecimiento radicular, lo que está determinado por el alto nivel de colonización.

Translated abstract

This research was performed in a semi-controlled greenhouse at the Canchones Experimental Station, where the interactive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices (GI) and Trichoderma harzianum (Th) on the parameters of growth, differentiation, stress indicators and biochemical parameters, as well as the percentage of mycorrhization and colony forming units Th (CFU). The plant material used corresponded to melon cv. Honeydew Inodorus type. The treatments were: control (T0), inoculation with GI at doses of 40 spores per plant (T1), inoculation with GI at doses of 40 spores per plant + 1.5 * 10(8) CFU of Th per tray (Tý and Th dose inoculation with 1.5*10 per tray (T3). Inoculation with GI was performed at the time of sowing and inoculation with Th was performed 15 days later. We used a design performing completely randomized multifactorial variance analysis (ANOVA) and mean separation test was used LSD, uasing the statistical software INFOSTAT α = 0.05. The results obtained in the destructive sampling at 50 days of sowing determined that co-inoculation with GI + Th (T2) decreased the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization by an antagonistic action of Th on GI , compared with the highest percentage of mycorrhizal determined in Tp in T0 and T3 treatments not mycorrhizal colonization was determined. As for the treatments inoculated with Th (T2 and T3), no significant differences between treatments were determined inoculated, but a decrease in the population of Th between days 1 and 50 was determined. The only inoculation with GI had higher root biomass production, higher root dry weight ratio: stem dry weight and lower rate of etiolation. The nitrate reductase (NRI/NRE) activity was affected only in the treatments inoculated with GI, determining a higher ratio in these treatments. Co-inoculation between AMF and Trichoderma not determine an effect in promoting growth in melon plants, is Trichoderma had a detrimental effect on mycorrhizal colonization. Unlike GI inoculated individually had an effect on root growth which is determined by the high level of colonization.

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Overview of Mechanisms and Uses of Trichoderma spp.

Gary E Harman (2006)

ABSTRACT Fungi in the genus Trichoderma have been known since at least the 1920s for their ability to act as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. Until recently, the principal mechanisms for control have been assumed to be those primarily acting upon the pathogens and included mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition for resources and space. Recent advances demonstrate that the effects of Trichoderma on plants, including induced systemic or localized resistance, are also very important. These fungi colonize the root epidermis and outer cortical layers and release bioactive molecules that cause walling off of the Trichoderma thallus. At the same time, the transcriptome and the proteome of plants are substantially altered. As a consequence, in addition to induction of pathways for resistance in plants, increased plant growth and nutrient uptake occur. However, at least in maize, the increased growth response is genotype specific, and some maize inbreds respond negatively to some strains. Trichoderma spp. are beginning to be used in reasonably large quantities in plant agriculture, both for disease control and yield increases. The studies of mycoparasitism also have demonstrated that these fungi produce a rich mixture of antifungal enzymes, including chitinases and beta-1,3 glucanases. These enzymes are synergistic with each other, with other antifungal enzymes, and with other materials. The genes encoding the enzymes appear useful for producing transgenic plants resistant to diseases and the enzymes themselves are beneficial for biological control and other processes.

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The uptake, metabolism, transport and transfer of nitrogen in an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

H. Jin, P. E. Pfeffer, D. DOUDS … (2005)

Nitrogen (N) is known to be transferred from fungus to plant in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, yet its metabolism, storage and transport are poorly understood. In vitro mycorrhizas of Glomus intra-radices and Ri T-DNA-transformed carrot roots were grown in two-compartment Petri dishes. (15)N- and/or (13)C-labeled substrates were supplied to either the fungal compartment or to separate dishes containing uncolonized roots. The levels and labeling of free amino acids (AAs) in the extra-radical mycelium (ERM) in mycorrhizal roots and in uncolonized roots were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Arginine (Arg) was the predominant free AA in the ERM, and almost all Arg molecules became labeled within 3 wk of supplying (15)NH(4) (+) to the fungal compartment. Labeling in Arg represented > 90% of the total (15)N in the free AAs of the ERM. [Guanido-2-(15)N]Arg taken up by the ERM and transported to the intra-radical mycelium (IRM) gave rise to (15)N-labeled AAs. [U-(13)C]Arg added to the fungal compartment did not produce any (13)C labeling of other AAs in the mycorrhizal root. Arg is the major form of N synthesized and stored in the ERM and transported to the IRM. However, NH(4) (+) is the most likely form of N transferred to host cells following its generation from Arg breakdown.