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      Motor system contributions to verbal and non-verbal working memory

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          Abstract

          Working memory (WM) involves the ability to maintain and manipulate information held in mind. Neuroimaging studies have shown that secondary motor areas activate during WM for verbal content (e.g., words or letters), in the absence of primary motor area activation. This activation pattern may reflect an inner speech mechanism supporting online phonological rehearsal. Here, we examined the causal relationship between motor system activity and WM processing by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to manipulate motor system activity during WM rehearsal. We tested WM performance for verbalizable (words and pseudowords) and non-verbalizable (Chinese characters) visual information. We predicted that disruption of motor circuits would specifically affect WM processing of verbalizable information. We found that TMS targeting motor cortex slowed response times (RTs) on verbal WM trials with high (pseudoword) vs. low (real word) phonological load. However, non-verbal WM trials were also significantly slowed with motor TMS. WM performance was unaffected by sham stimulation or TMS over visual cortex (VC). Self-reported use of motor strategy predicted the degree of motor stimulation disruption on WM performance. These results provide evidence of the motor system’s contributions to verbal and non-verbal WM processing. We speculate that the motor system supports WM by creating motor traces consistent with the type of information being rehearsed during maintenance.

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          Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee.

          Roger A. Barker, C Lücking, G. CARUSO … (1994)
          Article 0 comments Cited 333 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

            Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur, Nathalie André-Obadia, Andrea Antal … (2014)
            A group of European experts was commissioned to establish guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) from evidence published up until March 2014, regarding pain, movement disorders, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, consciousness disorders, tinnitus, depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, craving/addiction, and conversion. Despite unavoidable inhomogeneities, there is a sufficient body of evidence to accept with level A (definite efficacy) the analgesic effect of high-frequency (HF) rTMS of the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the pain and the antidepressant effect of HF-rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). A Level B recommendation (probable efficacy) is proposed for the antidepressant effect of low-frequency (LF) rTMS of the right DLPFC, HF-rTMS of the left DLPFC for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and LF-rTMS of contralesional M1 in chronic motor stroke. The effects of rTMS in a number of indications reach level C (possible efficacy), including LF-rTMS of the left temporoparietal cortex in tinnitus and auditory hallucinations. It remains to determine how to optimize rTMS protocols and techniques to give them relevance in routine clinical practice. In addition, professionals carrying out rTMS protocols should undergo rigorous training to ensure the quality of the technical realization, guarantee the proper care of patients, and maximize the chances of success. Under these conditions, the therapeutic use of rTMS should be able to develop in the coming years. Copyright © 2014 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              High-speed scanning in human memory.

              S Sternberg (1966)
              When subjects judge whether a test symbol is contained in a short memorized sequence of symbols, their mean reaction-time increases linearly with the length of the sequence. The linearity and slope of the function imply the existence of an internal serial-comparison process whose average rate is between 25 and 30 symbols per second.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Hum Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Hum Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Hum. Neurosci.
                Title: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1662-5161
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 September 2014
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 753
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
                [2] 2Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA
                [3] 3Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
                [4] 4Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Rachael D. Seidler, University of Michigan, USA

                Reviewed by: Jessica A. Bernard, University of Colorado Boulder, USA; Elise Lesage, National Institutes of Health, USA

                *Correspondence: Cherie L. Marvel, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Reed Hall W102A, 1620 McElderry Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA e-mail: Cmarvel1@ 123456jhmi.edu

                This article was submitted to the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00753
                PMC ID: 4173669
                PubMed ID: 25309402
                SO-VID: 3b32517a-8667-4757-bf75-7d0038854016
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Liao, Kronemer, Yau, Desmond and Marvel.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 09 July 2014
                Date accepted : 07 September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 8, Words: 6466
                Categories
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Original Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: working memory,tms,motor system,motor cortex stimulation,visual cortex,sternberg memory task,verbal working memory,non-verbal working memory
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: working memory, tms, motor system, motor cortex stimulation, visual cortex, sternberg memory task, verbal working memory, non-verbal working memory

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