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      Aerobic nonylphenol degradation and nitro-nonylphenol formation by microbial cultures from sediments

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          Abstract

          Nonylphenol (NP) is an estrogenic pollutant which is widely present in the aquatic environment. Biodegradation of NP can reduce the toxicological risk. In this study, aerobic biodegradation of NP in river sediment was investigated. The sediment used for the microcosm experiments was aged polluted with NP. The biodegradation of NP in the sediment occurred within 8 days with a lag phase of 2 days at 30°C. During the biodegradation, nitro-nonylphenol metabolites were formed, which were further degraded to unknown compounds. The attached nitro-group originated from the ammonium in the medium. Five subsequent transfers were performed from original sediment and yielded a final stable population. In this NP-degrading culture, the microorganisms possibly involved in the biotransformation of NP to nitro-nonylphenol were related to ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. Besides the degradation of NP via nitro-nonylphenol, bacteria related to phenol-degrading species, which degrade phenol via ring cleavage, are abundantly present.

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          16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study.

          D J R Lane, D A Pelletier, S M Barns … (1991)
          A set of oligonucleotide primers capable of initiating enzymatic amplification (polymerase chain reaction) on a phylogenetically and taxonomically wide range of bacteria is described along with methods for their use and examples. One pair of primers is capable of amplifying nearly full-length 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from many bacterial genera; the additional primers are useful for various exceptional sequences. Methods for purification of amplified material, direct sequencing, cloning, sequencing, and transcription are outlined. An obligate intracellular parasite of bovine erythrocytes, Anaplasma marginale, is used as an example; its 16S rDNA was amplified, cloned, sequenced, and phylogenetically placed. Anaplasmas are related to the genera Rickettsia and Ehrlichia. In addition, 16S rDNAs from several species were readily amplified from material found in lyophilized ampoules from the American Type Culture Collection. By use of this method, the phylogenetic study of extremely fastidious or highly pathogenic bacterial species can be carried out without the need to culture them. In theory, any gene segment for which polymerase chain reaction primer design is possible can be derived from a readily obtainable lyophilized bacterial culture.
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            Comparisons of different hypervariable regions of rrs genes for use in fingerprinting of microbial communities by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

            Zhongtang Yu, Mark Morrison (2004)
            Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) has become a widely used tool to examine microbial diversity and community structure, but no systematic comparison has been made of the DGGE profiles obtained when different hypervariable (V) regions are amplified from the same community DNA samples. We report here a study to make such comparisons and establish a preferred choice of V region(s) to examine by DGGE, when community DNA extracted from samples of digesta is used. When the members of the phylogenetically representative set of 218 rrs genes archived in the RDP II database were compared, the V1 region was found to be the most variable, followed by the V9 and V3 regions. The temperature of the lowest-melting-temperature (T(m(L))) domain for each V region was also calculated for these rrs genes, and the V1 to V4 region was found to be most heterogeneous with respect to T(m(L)). The average T(m(L)) values and their standard deviations for each V region were then used to devise the denaturing gradients suitable for separating 95% of all the sequences, and the PCR-DGGE profiles produced from the same community DNA samples with these conditions were compared. The resulting DGGE profiles were substantially different in terms of the number, resolution, and relative intensity of the amplification products. The DGGE profiles of the V3 region were best, and the V3 to V5 and V6 to V8 regions produced better DGGE profiles than did other multiple V-region amplicons. Introduction of degenerate bases in the primers used to amplify the V1 or V3 region alone did not improve DGGE banding profiles. Our results show that DGGE analysis of gastrointestinal microbiomes is best accomplished by the amplification of either the V3 or V1 region of rrs genes, but if a longer amplification product is desired, then the V3 to V5 or V6 to V8 region should be targeted.
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              Endocrine disruption in wildlife: a critical review of the evidence.

              Charles Tyler, Matthew S Jobling, David J. T. Sumpter (1998)
              In recent years, a number of man-made chemicals have been shown to be able to mimic endogenous hormones, and it has been hypothesized that alterations in the normal pattern of reproductive development seen in some populations of wildlife are linked with exposure to these chemicals. Of particular importance are those compounds that mimic estrogens and androgens (and their antagonists), because of their central role in reproductive function. In fact, the evidence showing that such chemicals actually do mimic (or antagonize) the action of hormones in the intact animal is limited. In only a few cases have laboratory studies shown that chemicals that mimic hormones at the molecular level (in vitro) also cause reproductive dysfunction in vivo at environmentally relevant concentrations. In addition, the reported studies on wild populations of animals are limited to a very few animal species and they have often centered on localized 'hot-spots' of chemical discharges. Nevertheless, many of these xenobiotics are persistent and accumulate in the environment, and therefore a more widespread phenomenon of endocrine disruption in wildlife is possible. This article reviews the evidence, from both laboratory and field studies, that exposure to steroid hormone mimics may impair reproductive function and critically assesses the weight of evidence for endocrine disruption in wildlife.
              Article 0 comments Cited 108 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : +31-88-8662323 , +31-30-2564855 , jasperien.deweert@deltares.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
                Title: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
                Publisher: Springer-Verlag (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0175-7598
                ISSN (Electronic): 1432-0614
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 December 2009
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 December 2009
                Publication date (Print): March 2010
                Volume: 86
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 761-771
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Deltares, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Section of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [3 ]GIRO Technological Center, Rambla Pompeu Fabra 1. E-08100 Mollet del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2394
                DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2394-9
                PMC ID: 2825322
                PubMed ID: 20043151
                SO-VID: 3aa13dec-18ec-40c5-8209-927bb328985b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2009
                History
                Date received : 11 August 2009
                Date revision received : 5 November 2009
                Date accepted : 30 November 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Environmental Biotechnology
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag 2010

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: nonylphenol,nitro-nonylphenol,aerobic degradation,nitrosomonas
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Keywords: nonylphenol, nitro-nonylphenol, aerobic degradation, nitrosomonas

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