Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Viruses Types 1 and 2 in a Population, Age 15-35 Years, of Mashhad City

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Abstract

Background:

Considering the high prevalence and clinical importance of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection worldwide, we aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in a population aged between 15 and 35 years in Mashhad, Iran.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 916 cases composed of 288 (31.4%) men and 628 (68.6%) women. Using ELISA method, the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against HSV-1 and HSV-2 was assessed.

Results:

Among the population studied, 681 (74.3%) cases were positive for anti-HSV antibodies, while 235 (25.7%) cases were negative. Moreover, no IgMs were found and all positive subjects had IgG antibodies. Age ( p < 0.001), occupation ( p < 0.001), education ( p = 0.006), smoking ( p = 0.029), and BMI ( p = 0.004) demonstrated a significant association with HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection.

Conclusion:

Our study indicates a high seroprevalence of HSV infection; however, there was no cases positive for IgM antibodies, suggesting the high prevalence of latent infection.

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Most cited references 27

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Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review.

Jennifer Smith, N Robinson (2002)

Information on age- and sex-specific prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 2 and 1 infections is essential to optimize genital herpes control strategies, which increase in importance because accumulating data indicate that HSV-2 infection may increase acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. This review summarizes data from peer-reviewed publications of type-specific HSV seroepidemiologic surveys. HSV-2 prevalence is, in general, highest in Africa and the Americas, lower in western and southern Europe than in northern Europe and North America, and lowest in Asia. HSV-2 and -1 prevalence, overall and by age, varies markedly by country, region within country, and population subgroup. Age-specific HSV-2 prevalence is usually higher in women than men and in populations with higher risk sexual behavior. HSV-2 prevalence has increased in the United States but national data from other countries are unavailable. HSV-1 infection is acquired during childhood and adolescence and is markedly more widespread than HSV-2 infection. Further studies are needed in many geographic areas.

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Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States.

Fujie Xu, Maya Sternberg, Benny J Kottiri … (2006)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 are common infections worldwide. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the cause of most genital herpes and is almost always sexually transmitted. In contrast, HSV-1 is usually transmitted during childhood via nonsexual contacts. Preexisting HSV-1 antibodies can alleviate clinical manifestations of subsequently acquired HSV-2. Furthermore, HSV-1 has become an important cause of genital herpes in some developed countries. To examine trends in HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence in the United States in 1999-2004 compared with 1988-1994. Cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys (US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys [NHANES]), were used to compare national seroprevalence estimates from 1999-2004 with those from 1988-1994, and changes in HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence since 1976-1980 were reviewed. Persons aged 14 to 49 years were included in these analyses. Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies based on results from type-specific immunodot assays; diagnosis of genital herpes. The overall age-adjusted HSV-2 seroprevalence was 17.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.8%-18.3%) in 1999-2004 and 21.0% (95% CI, 19.1%-23.1%) in 1988-1994, a relative decrease of 19.0% between the 2 surveys (95% CI, -28.6% to -9.5%; P<.001). Decreases in HSV-2 seroprevalence were especially concentrated in persons aged 14 to 19 years between 1988 and 2004. In adolescents aged 17 to 19 years and young adults, the decreases in HSV-2 seroprevalence were significant even after adjusting for changes in sexual behaviors. Among those infected with HSV-2, the percentage who reported having been diagnosed with genital herpes was statistically different (14.3% in 1999-2004 and 9.9% in 1988-1994; P = .02). Seroprevalence of HSV-1 decreased from 62.0% (95% CI, 59.6%-64.6%) in 1988-1994 to 57.7% (95% CI, 55.9%-59.5%) in 1999-2004, a relative decrease of 6.9% between the 2 surveys (95% CI, -11.6% to -2.3%; P = .006). Among persons infected with HSV-1 but not with HSV-2, a higher percentage reported having been diagnosed with genital herpes in 1999-2004 compared with 1988-1994 (1.8% vs 0.4%, respectively; P<.001). These data show declines in HSV-2 seroprevalence, suggesting that the trajectory of increasing HSV-2 seroprevalence in the United States has been reversed. Seroprevalence of HSV-1 decreased but the incidence of genital herpes caused by HSV-1 may be increasing.

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Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016

Charlotte James, Manale Harfouche, Nicky Welton … (2020)

Abstract Objective To generate global and regional estimates for the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 infection for 2016. Methods To obtain data, we undertook a systematic review to identify studies up to August 2018. Adjustments were made to account for HSV test sensitivity and specificity. For each World Health Organization (WHO) region, we applied a constant incidence model to pooled prevalence by age and sex to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HSV types 1 and 2 infections. For HSV type 1, we apportioned infection by anatomical site using pooled estimates of the proportions that were oral and genital. Findings In 2016, an estimated 491.5 million people (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 430.4 million–610.6 million) were living with HSV type 2 infection, equivalent to 13.2% of the world’s population aged 15–49 years. An estimated 3752.0 million people (95% UI: 3555.5 million–3854.6 million) had HSV type 1 infection at any site, equivalent to a global prevalence of 66.6% in 0–49-year-olds. Differing patterns were observed by age, sex and geographical region, with HSV type 2 prevalence being highest among women and in the WHO African Region. Conclusion An estimated half a billion people had genital infection with HSV type 2 or type 1, and several billion had oral HSV type 1 infection. Millions of people may also be at higher risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly women in the WHO African Region who have the highest HSV type 2 prevalence and exposure to HIV.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran Biomed J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran Biomed J

Journal ID (publisher-id): IBJ

Title: Iranian Biomedical Journal

Publisher: Pasteur Institute of Iran (Tehran, Iran )

ISSN (Print): 1028-852X

ISSN (Electronic): 2008-823X

Publication date (Print): Mar-May 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 15 February 2023

Volume: 27

Issue: 2-3

Pages: 152-157

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;

[2 ]Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;

[3 ]Student Research Committee, Paramedical Department, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran;

[4 ]International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;

[5 ]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;

[6 ]Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;

[7 ]Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran;

[8 ]Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[† ] Contributed equally as first authors

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding Authors: Samaneh Abolbashari Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; E-mail: abolbasharis1@mums.ac.ir Aida Gholoobi Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; E-mail: gholoubiad@mums.ac.ir

Article

DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3828

PMC ID: 10314764

PubMed ID: 37070598

SO-VID: 3a936a8c-6558-447f-b76a-7bed241c3fd8

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Viruses Types 1 and 2 in a Population, Age 15-35 Years, of Mashhad City

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50 years of ROAPE

Most cited references 27

Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review.

Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States.

Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016

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