Barriers of Modern Contraceptive Practices among Asian Women: A Mini Literature Review

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Abstract

Family planning has been cited as essential to the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Family planning has a direct impact on women's health and consequence of each pregnancy. The use of modern contraception among Asian women is less than global average. In Asia a majority of unintended pregnancies are due to using traditional contraceptive or no methods which lead to induced unsafe abortion. Cultural attitudes, lack of knowledge of methods and reproduction, socio demographic factors, and health service barriers are the main obstacles to modern contraceptive practice among Asian women. Culturally sensitive family planning program, reforming health system, and reproductive health education through mass media to create awareness of the benefits of planned parenthood are effective strategies to improve modern contraceptive practice among Asian women.

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Women's autonomy in decision making for health care in South Asia.

Heshan Gunawardena, Upul Senarath (2009)

This article aims to discuss women's autonomy in decision making on health care, and its determinants in 3 South Asian countries, using nationally representative surveys. Women's participation either alone or jointly in household decisions on their own health care was considered as an indicator of women's autonomy in decision making. The results revealed that decisions of women's health care were made without their participation in the majority of Nepal (72.7%) and approximately half of Bangladesh (54.3%) and Indian (48.5%) households. In Sri Lanka, decision making for contraceptive use was a collective responsibility in the majority (79.7%). Women's participation in decision making significantly increased with age, education, and number of children. Women who were employed and earned cash had a stronger say in household decision making than women who did not work or worked not for cash. Rural and poor women were less likely to be involved in decision making than urban or rich women.

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Women's autonomy, education and employment in Oman and their influence on contraceptive use.

Asya Al-Riyami, Mustafa Afifi, R Mabry (2004)

Since 1970 political and economic changes have brought about great improvements in health and education in Oman, and since 1994 the government has provided free contraceptives to all married couples in primary health care centres. Despite rapid socio-economic development, the fertility rate was 4.2 in 2001. The aim of this study was to define baseline data on ever-married women's empowerment in Oman from a national study in 2000, analyse the correlates of women's empowerment and the effect of empowerment on unmet need for contraception. Two indicators of empowerment were used: women's involvement in decision-making and freedom of movement. Bivariate analysis was used to link these measures and their proxies, education and employment status, with use of a family planning method. Education was a key indicator of women's status. Unmet contraceptive need for women exposed to pregnancy was nearly 25%, but decreased significantly with educational level and paid employment. While empowered women were more likely to use contraception, women's education was a better predictor of "met need" than autonomy, as traditional factors and community influence remain strong. For nearly half the 1,830 women in the study, the husband decided whether contraception was used. Fewer than 1% were using contraception before their first child as women are expected to have a child within the first year of marriage.

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Water aerobics II: maternal body composition and perinatal outcomes after a program for low risk pregnant women

Sérgio Cavalcante, Jose G. Cecatti, Rosa I Pereira … (2009)

Background To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of water aerobics during pregnancy. Methods A randomized controlled trial carried out in 71 low-risk sedentary pregnant women, randomly allocated to water aerobics or no physical exercise. Maternal body composition and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. For statistical analysis Chi-square, Fisher's or Student's t-tests were applied. Risk ratios and their 95% CI were estimated for main outcomes. Body composition was evaluated across time using MANOVA or Friedman multiple analysis. Results There were no significant differences between the groups regarding maternal weight gain, BMI or percentage of body fat during pregnancy. Incidence of preterm births (RR = 0.84; 95%CI:0.28–2.53), vaginal births (RR = 1.24; 95%CI:0.73–2.09), low birthweight (RR = 1.30; 95%CI:0.61–2.79) and adequate weight for gestational age (RR = 1.50; 95%CI:0.65–3.48) were also not significantly different between groups. There were no significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate between before and immediately after the water aerobics session. Conclusion Water aerobics for sedentary pregnant women proved to be safe and was not associated with any alteration in maternal body composition, type of delivery, preterm birth rate, neonatal well-being or weight.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glob J Health Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glob J Health Sci

Title: Global Journal of Health Science

Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education (Canada )

ISSN (Print): 1916-9736

ISSN (Electronic): 1916-9744

Publication date (Print): September 2013

Publication date (Electronic): 22 July 2013

Volume: 5

Issue: 5

Pages: 181-192

Affiliations

[1 ]Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

[2 ]Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

[3 ]Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

Author notes

Correspondence: Fatemeh Najafi-Sharjabad, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Tel: 98-771-2528-5340. E-mail: najafi246@ 123456gmail.com

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Publisher ID: GJHS-5-181

DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v5n5p181

PMC ID: 4776867

PubMed ID: 23985120

SO-VID: 3a2807c1-1075-407e-9d9a-4a8a5a78bd60

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

Barriers of Modern Contraceptive Practices among Asian Women: A Mini Literature Review

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Most cited references 95

Women's autonomy in decision making for health care in South Asia.

Women's autonomy, education and employment in Oman and their influence on contraceptive use.

Water aerobics II: maternal body composition and perinatal outcomes after a program for low risk pregnant women

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