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      Invasiveness, biology, ecology, and management of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

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          Abstract

          The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1797), is a serious pest of several crops, particularly maize and other cereals. It has long been known as a pest in the Americas and has invaded most of Africa and parts of the Middle East, Asia, and Australia in the last six years. Its new status as an invasive species causing serious damage in many regions worldwide has highlighted the need for better understanding and has generated much research. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of FAW covering its ( i) taxonomy, biology, ecology, genomics, and microbiome, ( ii) worldwide status and geographic spread, ( iii) potential for geographic expansion and quarantine measures in place, and ( iv) management including monitoring, sampling, forecasting, biological control, biopesticides, agroecological strategies, chemical control, insecticide resistance, effects of insecticides on natural enemies, as well as conventional and transgenic resistant cultivars. We conclude with recommendations for research to enhance the sustainable management of FAW in invaded regions.

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          A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.

          Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems provide bacteria and archaea with adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids by using CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) to guide the silencing of invading nucleic acids. We show here that in a subset of these systems, the mature crRNA that is base-paired to trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) forms a two-RNA structure that directs the CRISPR-associated protein Cas9 to introduce double-stranded (ds) breaks in target DNA. At sites complementary to the crRNA-guide sequence, the Cas9 HNH nuclease domain cleaves the complementary strand, whereas the Cas9 RuvC-like domain cleaves the noncomplementary strand. The dual-tracrRNA:crRNA, when engineered as a single RNA chimera, also directs sequence-specific Cas9 dsDNA cleavage. Our study reveals a family of endonucleases that use dual-RNAs for site-specific DNA cleavage and highlights the potential to exploit the system for RNA-programmable genome editing.
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            Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems.

            Functional elucidation of causal genetic variants and elements requires precise genome editing technologies. The type II prokaryotic CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas adaptive immune system has been shown to facilitate RNA-guided site-specific DNA cleavage. We engineered two different type II CRISPR/Cas systems and demonstrate that Cas9 nucleases can be directed by short RNAs to induce precise cleavage at endogenous genomic loci in human and mouse cells. Cas9 can also be converted into a nicking enzyme to facilitate homology-directed repair with minimal mutagenic activity. Lastly, multiple guide sequences can be encoded into a single CRISPR array to enable simultaneous editing of several sites within the mammalian genome, demonstrating easy programmability and wide applicability of the RNA-guided nuclease technology.
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              The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods.

              Traditionally, measurement of the acute toxicity of pesticides to beneficial arthropods has relied largely on the determination of an acute median lethal dose or concentration. However, the estimated lethal dose during acute toxicity tests may only be a partial measure of the deleterious effects. In addition to direct mortality induced by pesticides, their sublethal effects on arthropod physiology and behavior must be considered for a complete analysis of their impact. An increasing number of studies and methods related to the identification and characterization of these effects have been published in the past 15 years. Review of sublethal effects reported in published literature, taking into account recent data, has revealed new insights into the sublethal effects of pesticides including effects on learning performance, behavior, and neurophysiology. We characterize the different types of sublethal effects on beneficial arthropods, focusing mainly on honey bees and natural enemies, and we describe the methods used in these studies. Finally, we discuss the potential for developing experimental approaches that take into account these sublethal effects in integrated pest management and the possibility of integrating their evaluation in pesticide registration procedures.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                entomologia
                Entomologia Generalis
                Journal of General and Applied Entomology - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie
                entomologia
                Schweizerbart Science Publishers (Stuttgart, Germany http://www.schweizerbart.com/ mail@ 123456schweizerbart.de )
                0171-8177
                26 October 2022
                25 May 2023
                : 43
                : 2
                : 187-241
                Affiliations
                1 CABI, Delémont, Switzerland
                2 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
                3 University of Catania, Catania, Italy
                4 IRD, CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
                5 CABI, Nairobi, Kenya
                6 Université Côte d’Azur – INRAE-CNRS, Nice, France
                7 CIFOR-ICRAF, Lusaka, Zambia
                8 CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
                9 North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
                10 University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
                11 CAAS, Beijing, China
                12 CABI, Accra, Ghana
                13 University of Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
                14 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Niamey, Niger
                15 Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
                16 EMBRAPA, Londrina, Brazil
                17 University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
                18 Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
                19 Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
                20 INIFAP, Yucatán, Mexico
                21 University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
                22 University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
                23 IITA, Yaoundé, Cameroon
                24 ICAR- Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pune, India
                25 IITA, Cotonou, Benin
                26 University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
                27 Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil
                28 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore, India
                29 Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
                30 Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, USA
                31 The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
                32 ECOSUR, Tapachula, Mexico;
                33 CONICET-CREG, La Plata, Argentina
                34 USDA-ARS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
                35 ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya
                36 Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
                37 DGIMI, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
                38 Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
                39 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                40 University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
                41 Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
                42 University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
                43 Miguel Lillo Foundation, Tucumán, Argentina
                44 BAAFS, Beijing, China
                45 Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
                46 Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
                Author notes
                Article
                102198 1659
                10.1127/entomologia/2022/1659
                39db9278-5e3a-4a97-96c0-337d53e7aef2
                Copyright © 2022 The authors

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Commercial use right is not granted.

                History
                : 12 April 2022
                : 08 July 2022
                : 14 July 2022
                : 21 July 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Pages: 55
                Custom metadata
                3
                review_paper

                Entomology,Parasitology,Ecology,Molecular biology,Pests, Diseases & Weeds
                globalization,integrated pest management,biological control,genomics,Noctuidae,biopesticides,invasive species

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