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      The Gap Between Knowledge and Practice of Risky Sexual Behaviors for HIV Among University Students and Staff in Moshi Town in Tanzania

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          Abstract

          Knowledge on HIV spread is important in combating HIV/AIDS, however its impact can only be realized if put into practice. This study was carried out in a Higher Learning Institution in Moshi Township in Kilimanjaro Region to assess the level of awareness of university communities about HIV/AIDs and its link with practice of risky sexual behaviors (RSB). We have found an adequate level of knowledge on the spread, risk behaviors and methods for protection leading to attendance to voluntary testing and counseling by 61% of respondents. Conversely, we have observed great extent of practice of RSBs including early sexual debut (16.7 years), having multiple and extramarital partners, involvement in practices that lead to unprotected sexual intercourse. We report an obvious gap between knowledge and behavior. This study therefore recommends that serious operational interventions must be put in place targeting the most sexually active groups, the youth in preliminary schools to sensitize on RSBs and ways to avoid them before they are engaged in sexual activities.

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          Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective.

          Kaye Wellings, Martine Collumbien, Emma Slaymaker … (2006)
          Research aimed at investigating sexual behaviour and assessing interventions to improve sexual health has increased in recent decades. The resulting data, despite regional differences in quantity and quality, provide a historically unique opportunity to describe patterns of sexual behaviour and their implications for attempts to protect sexual health at the beginning of the 21st century. In this paper we present original analyses of sexual behaviour data from 59 countries for which they were available. The data show substantial diversity in sexual behaviour by region and sex. No universal trend towards earlier sexual intercourse has occurred, but the shift towards later marriage in most countries has led to an increase in premarital sex, the prevalence of which is generally higher in developed countries than in developing countries, and is higher in men than in women. Monogamy is the dominant pattern everywhere, but having had two or more sexual partners in the past year is more common in men than in women, and reported rates are higher in industrialised than in non-industrialised countries. Condom use has increased in prevalence almost everywhere, but rates remain low in many developing countries. The huge regional variation indicates mainly social and economic determinants of sexual behaviour, which have implications for intervention. Although individual behaviour change is central to improving sexual health, efforts are also needed to address the broader determinants of sexual behaviour, particularly those that relate to the social context. The evidence from behavioural interventions is that no general approach to sexual-health promotion will work everywhere and no single-component intervention will work anywhere. Comprehensive behavioural interventions are needed that take account of the social context in mounting individual-level programmes, attempt to modify social norms to support uptake and maintenance of behaviour change, and tackle the structural factors that contribute to risky sexual behaviour.
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            Alcohol and human sexuality: review and integration.

            Leif C. Crowe, William George (1989)
            Summarizes physiological findings and reviews the psychological experimental literature investigating the relationship between alcohol and human sexuality. Specifically, the authors attempt to reconcile the apparent contradictions found in the effects of alcohol on male and female sexual responding. The review concludes (a) that alcohol disinhibits psychological sexual arousal and suppresses physiological responding, the former effect being stronger at lower doses of alcohol and the latter effect at higher doses; (b) that although suppression is strictly pharmacological in nature, disinhibition appears to be both pharmacological (the result of cognitive impairment) and psychological (the result of socially learned expectancies); and (c) that expectancies and cognitive impairment can disinhibit separately or jointly.
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              Is alcohol a cofactor of HIV and AIDS? Evidence from immunological and behavioral studies.

              Genevieve Dingle, Tian Oei (1997)
              The authors aim to critically examine empirical research on the effects of alcohol on HIV and AIDS from the immunological and behavioral fields. In vitro immunological studies demonstrate that social drinking increases the susceptibility of human cells to HIV infection. Animal studies show that acute and chronic alcohol ingestion increases rate of progression from retrovirus to clinical illness. In humans with HIV, no experimental evidence shows that alcohol is a cofactor of AIDS. Findings from behavioral studies show that a link between social drinking and risk of HIV is weak. No experimental evidence demonstrates that chronic drinking influences rate and course of disease progression to AIDS in humans who are HIV+. It is premature to promote the role of alcohol as a cofactor in HIV and AIDS.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Public Health Africa
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Public Health Africa
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JPHIA
                Title: Journal of Public Health in Africa
                Publisher: PAGEPress Publications, Pavia, Italy
                ISSN (Print): 2038-9922
                ISSN (Electronic): 2038-9930
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 August 2013
                Publication date Collection: 25 June 2013
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Stefano Moshi Memorial University College, Tumaini University
                [2 ]Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center
                [3 ]Muhimbili Orthopedic Institute, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
                [4 ]Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University , Tanzania
                Author notes
                Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O Box 2240, Sokoine Road, Moshi, Tanzania. Tel. +255272754201 ext. 23 - Mobile: +255766161080 - Fax: 255 27 2754381. E-mail: j.chilongola@ 123456kcri.ac.tz

                Funding: this study was financed by the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDs)/World Bank and Stefano Moshi Memorial University College (SMMUCo), Tumaini University. This support is highly acknowledged.

                Contributions: EK planned the study, developed questionnaires, collected data and wrote the manuscript; ES and GM assisted in planning the survey, data collection and proof reading the manuscript; TS analyzed data; JM was involved in data collection and entry; JC was involved in questionnaire development, data analysis and extensive review of the manuscript.

                Conflict of interests: the authors declare no potential conflict of interests.

                Article
                DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2013.e8
                PMC ID: 5345427
                SO-VID: 3992198d-f841-4fb4-b065-f662c1956bad
                Copyright © ©Copyright E. Kwigizile et al.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 23 October 2012
                Date revision received : 30 May 2013
                Date accepted : 01 June 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: hiv,aids,risky behaviors,sexual debut
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hiv, aids, risky behaviors, sexual debut

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