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      Frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with infectious diseases using three different ELISA methods Translated title: Freqüência de anticorpos antifosfolípides em pacientes com doenças infecciosas usando três diferentes testes de ELISA

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: The standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies is the most important test for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). However, the test is also positive in some infectious diseases and other non-related syndromes. It has been suggested that the detection of antibodies to a mixture of phospholipids or to beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GP I) has higher specificity for APS than the standard aCL ELISA. The aim of the present work is to compare the diagnostic specificity of three different antiphospholipid (aPL) assays in patients with infectious diseases. METHODS: Antiphospholipid antibodies were searched by three ELISA techniques, namely standard aCL, APhL® ELISA kit and anti-beta2-GP I, in sera of patients with infectious diseases, including syphilis (69), leptospirosis (33) and visceral leishmaniasis (30). RESULTS: The frequency of positivity of IgG aPL in patients with syphilis, leptospirosis and Kala-azar was 13/69 (19%), 9/33 (27%) and 2/30 (6%), respectively, using standard ELISA, versus only 1/69 (1.4%), 0/33 (0%) and 0/30 (0%) positivity by the APhL® ELISA kit. The positivity of the isotype IgM aPL was 10/69 (14%), 4/33 (12%) and 1/30 (3%), respectively, by the standard ELISA, and 1/69 (1.4%), 0/33 (0%) and 0/30 (0%) by the APhL® ELISA kit. The presence of significant levels of IgG anti-beta2GPI was observed in 14/69 cases of syphilis (20%), 6/33 cases of leptospirosis (18%) and 16/30 cases of Kala-azar (53%). The APhL® ELISA kit had superior performance showing the highest specificity: 97% (95% CI: 92%-99%) for IgG compared to 81% (95% CI: 74%-87%) for standard ELISA and 72% (95% CI: 64%-79%) for anti-beta2 GPI assay. CONCLUSIONS: The APhL® ELISA kit proved to be significantly more specific than the aCL standard ELISA and the anti-beta2GPI ELISA, and it should be used to help in the diagnosis and confirmation of APS.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: O ensaio de enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) para a pesquisa de anticorpos anticardiolipina (aCL) é o mais importante teste para o diagnóstico da síndrome antifosfolipídica (SAF). Entretanto esse teste também pode ser positivo em algumas doenças infecciosas. Tem sido sugerido que a detecção de anticorpos para uma mistura de fosfolípides ou para beta2-glicoproteína I (beta2-GP I) teria uma maior especificidade para a SAF que o teste de ELISA-padrão para aCL. O objetivo do presente estudo é comparar a especificidade de três testes para anticorpos antifosfolípides (aFL) em pacientes com doenças infecciosas. MÉTODOS: Anticorpos antifosfolípides foram pesquisados por três técnicas de ELISA, ou seja, o teste-padrão para aCL, o kit de ELISA APhL® e o teste para anti-beta2-GP I em pacientes com doenças infecciosas, tais como sífilis (69), leptospirose (33) e Calazar (30). RESULTADOS: A freqüência de positividade de aFL da classe IgG em pacientes com sífilis, leptospirose e Calazar foi de 13/69 (19%), 9/33 (27%) e 2/30 (6%), respectivamente, com o ELISA-padrão para aCL versus 1/69 (1,4%), 0/33 (0%) e 0/30 (0%) com o kit de ELISA APhL®. A positividade do isotipo IgM foi de 10/69 (14%), 4/33 (12%) e 1/30 (3%), respectivamente, com o ELISA-padrão para aCL, e 1/69 (1,4%), 0/33 (0%) e 0/30 (0%) com o kit de ELISA APhL®. Anticorpos da classe IgG contra beta2GPI foram detectados em 14/69 casos de sífilis (20%), 6/33 casos de leptospirose (18%) e 16/30 casos de Calazar (53%). Assim, o kit de ELISA APhL® apresentou uma maior especificidade: 97% (95% CI: 92%-99%) comparado com 81% (95% CI: 74%-87%) para o teste de aCL-padrão e 72% (95% CI: 64%-79%) para o teste de anticorpos anti-beta2 GPI. CONCLUSÕES: O kit de ELISA APhL® parece ser mais específico para a SAF que o ELISA-padrão para aCL, assim como o teste para anti-beta2GPI. Esse kit pode ser usado para ajudar no diagnóstico e na confirmação da SAF.

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          Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus infection: case report and review.

          Antiphospholipid antibodies are commonly related to connective tissue disorders, the use of certain drugs, and infection. It is thought that antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is associated primarily with connective tissue disorders. We describe a healthy young male who had an episode of APS that was associated with cytomegalovirus infection and who developed mesenteric and femoropopliteal thrombosis. He responded well to treatment with anticoagulants; 6 months after the onset of APS, IgM and IgG anticardiolipin antibody titers declined. We point out the importance of screening for infectious agents in cases of APS; if the agents are identified, APS may be transitory.
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            Induction of antiphospholipid autoantibodies by immunization with beta 2 glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H).

            A subset of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has autoantibodies to acidic phospholipids. Since lipids are poor immunogens, the mechanism responsible for the induction of these antibodies is unclear. Immunization of a normal rabbit and normal mice with purified human beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H) resulted in the production of high levels of two non-cross-reactive antibody populations, anti-apolipoprotein H, and antiphospholipid. The antiphospholipid antibodies had binding specificities indistinguishable from autoantibodies obtained from human and murine lupus. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for the induction of antiphospholipid autoantibodies.
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              Comparison of the effects of anticardiolipin antibodies from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome and with syphilis on platelet activation and aggregation.

              Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) are induced both in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and syphilis, but thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and pregnancy loss occur only in the APS. Differences in specificity and function of aCL antibodies might explain clinical differences between APS and syphilis. This study compared the effects on platelet activation and aggregation of affinity purified IgG anticardiolipin antibodies from 6 patients with the APS (IgG-APS) and 5 patients with syphilis (IgG-syph). Platelet aggregation was studied by aggregometry and platelet activation by flow cytometry. In the presence of low concentrations of thrombin, ADP, or collagen, all 6 IgG-APS samples induced platelet aggregation and activation, but none of the IgG-syph samples had this effect. In the absence of platelet agonists, only 3 of 6 IgG-APS caused platelet aggregation and none caused platelet activation; IgG-syph had no effect. The IgG-APS samples but not IgG-syph bound phosphatidylserine by ELISA. We conclude that polyclonal antibodies specific for phosphatidylserine may induce platelet activation and aggregation in the presence of low concentrations of platelet agonists.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4774
                February 2006
                : 42
                : 1
                : 13-17
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Santa Izabel Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [3 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                [4 ] Weill Medical College
                [5 ] Secretaria de Estado de Saúde da Bahia Brazil
                [6 ] SESAB
                [7 ] Morehouse School of Medicine United States
                Article
                S1676-24442006000100004
                10.1590/S1676-24442006000100004
                3987af71-ef24-404d-aab1-d69c7c89d20a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1676-2444&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
                PATHOLOGY

                Pathology,Medicine,Clinical chemistry
                Antiphospholipid syndrome,Anticardiolipin antibodies,Anticorpos anticardiolipina,Anticorpos antifosfolípides,Síndrome antifosfolípide,Doenças infecciosas,ELISA,Antiphospholipid antibodies,Infectious diseases

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