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      Biocrust Amendments to Topsoils Facilitate Biocrust Restoration in a Post-mining Arid Environment

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          Abstract

          Soil cryptogamic biocrusts provide many ecological functions in arid zone ecosystems, though their natural reestablishment in disturbed areas is slow. Accelerating reestablishment of biocrusts may facilitate the establishment of vascular plant communities within the timeframes of restoration targets (typically 5–15 years). One technique is to inoculate the soil surface using slurries of biocrust material harvested from another site. However, this is destructive to donor sites, and hence the potential to dilute slurries will govern the feasibility of this practice at large spatial scales. We conducted a replicated experiment on a disturbed mine site to test the individual and combined effects of two strategies for accelerating soil cryptogamic biocrust reestablishment: (1) slurry inoculation using biocrust material harvested from native vegetation; and (2) the use of psyllium husk powder as a source of mucilage to bind the soil surface, and to potentially provide a more cohesive substrate for biocrust development. The experiment comprised 90 experimental plots across six treatments, including different dilutions of the biocrust slurries and treatments with and without psyllium. Over 20 months, the reestablishing crust was dominated by cyanobacteria (including Tolypothrix distorta and Oculatella atacamensis), and these established more rapidly in the inoculated treatments than in the control treatments. The inoculated treatments also maintained this cover of cyanobacteria better through prolonged adverse conditions. The dilute biocrust slurry, at 1:100 of the biocrust in the remnant vegetation, performed as well as the 1:10 slurry, suggesting that strong dilution of biocrust slurry may improve the feasibility of using this technique at larger spatial scales. Psyllium husk powder did not improve biocrust development but helped to maintain a soil physical crust through hot, dry, and windy conditions, and so the potential longer-term advantages of psyllium need to be tested.

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          Most cited references61

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          Consed: a graphical tool for sequence finishing.

          Sequencing of large clones or small genomes is generally done by the shotgun approach (Anderson et al. 1982). This has two phases: (1) a shotgun phase in which a number of reads are generated from random subclones and assembled into contigs, followed by (2) a directed, or finishing phase in which the assembly is inspected for correctness and for various kinds of data anomalies (such as contaminant reads, unremoved vector sequence, and chimeric or deleted reads), additional data are collected to close gaps and resolve low quality regions, and editing is performed to correct assembly or base-calling errors. Finishing is currently a bottleneck in large-scale sequencing efforts, and throughput gains will depend both on reducing the need for human intervention and making it as efficient as possible. We have developed a finishing tool, consed, which attempts to implement these principles. A distinguishing feature relative to other programs is the use of error probabilities from our programs phred and phrap as an objective criterion to guide the entire finishing process. More information is available at http:// www.genome.washington.edu/consed/consed. html.
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            Generic Assignments, Strain Histories and Properties of Pure Cultures of Cyanobacteria

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              PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from cyanobacteria.

              We developed and tested a set of oligonucleotide primers for the specific amplification of 16S rRNA gene segments from cyanobacteria and plastids by PCR. PCR products were recovered from all cultures of cyanobacteria and diatoms that were checked but not from other bacteria and archaea. Gene segments selectively retrieved from cyanobacteria and diatoms in unialgal but nonaxenic cultures and from cyanobionts in lichens could be directly sequenced. In the context of growing sequence databases, this procedure allows rapid and phylogenetically meaningful identification without pure cultures or molecular cloning. We demonstrate the use of this specific PCR in combination with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to probe the diversity of oxygenic phototrophic microorganisms in cultures, lichens, and complex microbial communities.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                26 July 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 882673
                Affiliations
                [1] 1The Future Regions Research Centre, Federation University Australia , Ballarat, VIC, Australia
                [2] 2School of Geography Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
                [3] 3Ogyris Ecological Research , Birdwoodton, VIC, Australia
                [4] 4School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales Sydney , Kensington, NSW, Australia
                [5] 5Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville , Seville, Spain
                Author notes

                Edited by: Sonia Chamizo, University of Almería, Spain

                Reviewed by: Mandy Slate, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States; Alessandra Adessi, University of Florence, Italy

                *Correspondence: Nick L. Schultz, n.schultz@ 123456federation.edu.au

                This article was submitted to Terrestrial Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2022.882673
                9360975
                38e0ee5f-b91a-4d90-be2e-e2ee6c02315a
                Copyright © 2022 Schultz, Sluiter, Allen, Machado-de-Lima and Muñoz-Rojas.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 24 February 2022
                : 21 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 11, Words: 8128
                Funding
                Funded by: Australian Research Council, doi 10.13039/501100000923;
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                arid zone,mining rehabilitation,psyllium husk powder,soil cryptogamic biocrust,soil stabilization,cyanobacteria

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