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      Variación mensual y anual de la riqueza y abundancia de aves en un mosaico agrícola periurbano tropical Translated title: Annual and monthly variation on bird species richness and abundance inside a tropical semiurban agricultural landscape

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          Abstract

          Resumen Los mosaicos agrícolas han sido estudiados para comprender como contribuyen a mantener la riqueza de las especies según el tipo de matriz. Sin embargo, el estudio de la fenología de las especies dentro de estos ambientes ha sido dejado de lado. Por lo tanto mi objetivo con esta investigación fue analizar los cambios en la riqueza y abundancia de las especies de aves entre meses dentro de un mosaico periurbano agrícola tropical. Adicionalmente analicé si los cambios en la riqueza de las especies varían según su grado de dependencia por el bosque y el gremio alimenticio al que pertenecen. Realice muestreos mensuales del 2002 al 2010 dentro de una matriz de 30 ha dominada por potreros y cafetales, mezcladas con regeneración natural y zonas urbano-rurales. A lo largo de los muestreos anoté todos los individuos visto y escuchados de cada especie a lo largo de un trasecto de 3 km. Encontré que la riqueza de especies varió a lo largo de los meses, siendo mayor de enero a marzo (periodo seco del área de estudio) para todas las categorías de residencia (ej.: residentes, migratorias norteñas, sureñas, y altitudinales). Por tipo de gremio alimenticio la riqueza de especies aumento de enero a febrero para los frugívoros pequeños y en setiembre para los insectívoros; mientras que los otros gremios presentaron una riqueza similar de especies a lo largo del año. Por grado de dependencia de bosque solo las aves con dependencia moderada presentaron un aumento en su riqueza de enero a junio. El estudio reveló la ocurrencia de diferentes patrones de riqueza de aves a lo largo del año según el grado de dependencia del bosque, gremio alimenticio, y residencia en el país. Estas matrices poseen una riqueza alta de especies, pero en constante variación a lo largo del año, por lo que estos cambios en los patrones de riqueza deberían tomarse en cuenta para futuras políticas de conservación de dichos agroecosistemas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Species richness inside agricultural landscape has been studied intensively and according to the type of landscape structure. However, the species phenology inside the mostly agricultural landscape is poorly understood. Therefore, my objective was to analyze species richness and individual abundance changes between months inside a semiurban agricultural landscape. Additionally, I analyzed if changes in species richness varied with the trophic guild and forest dependence of each species. From 2002 to 2010I I sampled 30 ha of coffee plantations and cattle land with natural successional regenerations and rural development. I recorded every individual listened and seen along a 3 km long transect once a month. The species richness changed between months and was higher between January and March (dry season in the study area) for all residence status (i.e., residents and north, south, and altitudinal migrants). Small frugivore species richness was higher between January and February, insectivore species richness was higher in September. The other food guilds had steady richness and abundance throughout the year. Species with a medium forest dependence showed higher species richness between January and June. Species richness phenology changed along the year depending on residence status, trophic guild, and forest dependence, a finding that should be taken into account in future conservation of this type of habitat.

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          Most cited references42

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          Global consequences of land use.

          Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.
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            Solutions for a cultivated planet.

            Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
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              Long-term datasets in biodiversity research and monitoring: assessing change in ecological communities through time.

              The growing need for baseline data against which efforts to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss can be judged highlights the importance of long-term datasets, some of which are as old as ecology itself. We review methods of evaluating change in biodiversity at the community level using these datasets, and contrast whole-community approaches with those that combine information from different species and habitats. As all communities experience temporal turnover, one of the biggest challenges is distinguishing change that can be attributed to external factors, such as anthropogenic activities, from underlying natural change. We also discuss methodological issues, such as false alerts and modifications in design, of which users of these data sets need to be aware. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbt
                Revista de Biología Tropical
                Rev. biol. trop
                Universidad de Costa Rica (San José, San José, Costa Rica )
                0034-7744
                0034-7744
                April 2019
                : 67
                : 2
                : 298-314
                Affiliations
                [1] San Pedro orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica orgdiv1Escuela de Biología Costa Rica biosandoval@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S0034-77442019000200298 S0034-7744(19)06700200298
                10.15517/rbt.v67i2supl.37253
                38c59b7a-f4d2-4556-a4ec-e160c090a268

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 January 2019
                : 12 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Categories
                Artículo

                bird abundance,bird richness,cattle land,coffee plantations,Costa Rica,landscape structure,species phenology,cafetales,uso de suelo,fenología de especies de aves,potreros,riqueza de aves,abundancia de aves

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