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      Recent advances and mechanism of antimicrobial efficacy of graphene-based materials: a review

      review-article
      Author(s): , , ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Journal of Materials Science
      Publisher: Springer US

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          Abstract

          Graphene-based materials have undergone substantial investigation in recent years owing to their wide array of physicochemical characteristics. Employment of these materials in the current state, where infectious illnesses caused by microbes have severely damaged human life, has found widespread application in combating fatal infectious diseases. These materials interact with the physicochemical characteristics of the microbial cell and alter or damage them. The current review is dedicated to molecular mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial property of graphene-based materials. Various physical and chemical mechanisms leading to cell membrane stress, mechanical wrapping, photo-thermal ablation as well as oxidative stress exerting antimicrobial effect have also been thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the interactions of these materials with membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids has been provided. A thorough understanding of discussed mechanisms and interactions is essential to develop extremely effective antimicrobial nanomaterial for application as an antimicrobial agent.

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          Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release.

          Dmitry Zorov, Magdalena Juhaszova, Steven J. Sollott (2014)
          Byproducts of normal mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis include the buildup of potentially damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca(2+), etc., which must be normalized. Evidence suggests that brief mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openings play an important physiological role maintaining healthy mitochondria homeostasis. Adaptive and maladaptive responses to redox stress may involve mitochondrial channels such as mPTP and inner membrane anion channel (IMAC). Their activation causes intra- and intermitochondrial redox-environment changes leading to ROS release. This regenerative cycle of mitochondrial ROS formation and release was named ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR). Brief, reversible mPTP opening-associated ROS release apparently constitutes an adaptive housekeeping function by the timely release from mitochondria of accumulated potentially toxic levels of ROS (and Ca(2+)). At higher ROS levels, longer mPTP openings may release a ROS burst leading to destruction of mitochondria, and if propagated from mitochondrion to mitochondrion, of the cell itself. The destructive function of RIRR may serve a physiological role by removal of unwanted cells or damaged mitochondria, or cause the pathological elimination of vital and essential mitochondria and cells. The adaptive release of sufficient ROS into the vicinity of mitochondria may also activate local pools of redox-sensitive enzymes involved in protective signaling pathways that limit ischemic damage to mitochondria and cells in that area. Maladaptive mPTP- or IMAC-related RIRR may also be playing a role in aging. Because the mechanism of mitochondrial RIRR highlights the central role of mitochondria-formed ROS, we discuss all of the known ROS-producing sites (shown in vitro) and their relevance to the mitochondrial ROS production in vivo. Copyright © 2014 the American Physiological Society.
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            The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.

            C Lee Ventola (2015)
            Decades after the first patients were treated with antibiotics, bacterial infections have again become a threat because of the rapid emergence of resistant bacteria-a crisis attributed to abuse of these medications and a lack of new drug development.
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              Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon.

              Francesca Prestinaci, Patrizio Pezzotti, Annalisa Pantosti (2015)
              Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. The first World Health Organization (WHO) Global report on surveillance of AMR, published in April 2014, collected for the first time data from national and international surveillance networks, showing the extent of this phenomenon in many parts of the world and also the presence of large gaps in the existing surveillance. In this review, we focus on antibacterial resistance (ABR), which represents at the moment the major problem, both for the high rates of resistance observed in bacteria that cause common infections and for the complexity of the consequences of ABR. We describe the health and economic impact of ABR, the principal risk factors for its emergence and, in particular, we illustrate the highlights of four antibiotic-resistant pathogens of global concern - Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis - for whom we report resistance data worldwide. Measures to control the emergence and the spread of ABR are presented.
              Article 0 comments Cited 613 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shalini Bhatt:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9344-7204
                shalini.bhatt@ppsu.ac.in , shalinibhatt9999@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Mater Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Mater Sci
                Title: Journal of Materials Science
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0022-2461
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-4803
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 May 2023
                Pages: 1-29
                Affiliations
                2D Materials and LASER Actuation Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Research, PP Savani University, NH-8, Kosamba-Surat, Gujarat 394125 India
                Author notes

                Handling Editor: Annela M. Seddon.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9344-7204
                Article
                Publisher ID: 8534
                DOI: 10.1007/s10853-023-08534-z
                PMC ID: 10166465
                PubMed ID: 37200572
                SO-VID: 38a25639-028c-4c6b-8d37-7fef2d5e5eaf
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 6 March 2023
                Date accepted : 24 April 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Review

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