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      Tuberculose e indicadores socioeconômicos: revisão sistemática da literatura Translated title: Tuberculosis and socioeconomic indicators: systematic review of the literature

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Analisar a literatura para verificar a existência de associação entre fatores socioeconômicos (individuais e coletivos) e a ocorrência de tuberculose. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura mediante busca nas bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs, Medline e Scopus utilizando os termos "pobreza, indicadores sociais, fatores socioeconômicos" e "tuberculose" (em português, inglês e espanhol). Os estudos de nível individual foram classificados segundo o desenho de estudo e a variável dependente; os estudos ecológicos, quanto aos diferentes níveis de agregação espacial dos dados e à variável dependente. Para cada artigo foram registradas informações concernentes ao título do estudo, país de origem, ano de desenvolvimento, autor, idioma, objetivos, nível de agregação espacial dos dados e indicadores utilizados na análise. RESULTADOS: Para estudos de nível individual, observou-se associação estatística direta entre tuberculose e alcoolismo, coinfecção com HIV, baixa escolaridade, estado civil, baixo rendimento monetário, carência alimentar, imigração e contato prévio com pacientes de tuberculose. Em nível coletivo, uma associação indireta foi verificada com variáveis referentes ao produto interno bruto per capita, índice de desenvolvimento humano e acesso a saneamento básico em nível de países. Indicadores relativos ao número médio de pessoas por cômodo, densidade de pobres, escolaridade, declínio da renda familiar e domicílios com ajuda monetária governamental associaram-se diretamente a tuberculose em diferentes níveis de agregação espacial. CONCLUSÕES: Os estudos analisados apontam para a persistência da relação entre indicadores socioeconômicos e a produção da tuberculose tanto em nível individual quanto coletivo. A associação entre tuberculose e indicadores socioeconômicos parece ser influenciada tanto pelo nível de agregação espacial quanto pelas características particulares das áreas geográficas.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To review the literature to determine the existence of associations between socioeconomic factors (individual and collective) and the presence of tuberculosis. METHODS: A systematic literature review was carried out in SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, and Scopus using the following search terms: poverty, social indicators, socioeconomic factors, and tuberculosis (in Portuguese, English, and Spanish). Studies having individuals as the unit of analysis were classified according to study design and dependent variable. Ecological studies were classified according to levels of spatial aggregation of data and dependent variable. For each article, the following were recorded: study title, country of origin, year the study was carried out, authors, language, objective, level of spatial aggregation, and indicators used in the analysis. RESULTS: For individual level studies, a direct statistical association was observed between tuberculosis and alcohol addiction, HIV coinfection, low schooling, marital status, low income, lack of food, immigration, and previous contact with tuberculosis patients. For collective analyses, an indirect association was observed for variables relating to gross domestic product per capita, human development index, and basic sanitation at the country level. Indicators relating to crowding, poverty density, schooling, decline in family income, and households receiving governmental cash support were directly associated with tuberculosis at different levels of spatial aggregation. CONCLUSIONS: The studies analyzed indicate a persisting relationship between socioeconomic indicators and the production of tuberculosis both at the individual and collective levels. The association between tuberculosis and socioeconomic indicators seems to be influenced by both the level of spatial aggregation and specific characteristics of geographic areas.

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          Tuberculosis and poverty.

          To examine whether the historical link between tuberculosis and poverty still exists. Retrospective study examining the notifications of all forms of tuberculosis by council ward over a six year period and correlating this with four indices of poverty; council housing, free school meals, the Townsend overall deprivation index, and the Jarman index. The 33 electoral wards of the city of Liverpool. 344 residents of Liverpool with tuberculosis. The rate of tuberculosis was correlated with all measures of poverty, the strongest correlation being with the Jarman index (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001). This link was independent of the high rates of tuberculosis seen in ethnic minorities. Tuberculosis remains strongly associated with poverty.
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            An ecological analysis of incidence of tuberculosis and per capita gross domestic product.

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              The Association between Household Socioeconomic Position and Prevalent Tuberculosis in Zambia: A Case-Control Study

              Background Although historically tuberculosis (TB) has been associated with poverty, few analytical studies from developing countries have tried to: 1. assess the relative impact of poverty on TB after the emergence of HIV; 2. explore the causal mechanism underlying this association; and 3. estimate how many cases of TB could be prevented by improving household socioeconomic position (SEP). Methods and Findings We undertook a case-control study nested within a population-based TB and HIV prevalence survey conducted in 2005–2006 in two Zambian communities. Cases were defined as persons (15+ years of age) culture positive for M. tuberculosis. Controls were randomly drawn from the TB-free participants enrolled in the prevalence survey. We developed a composite index of household SEP combining variables accounting for four different domains of household SEP. The analysis of the mediation pathway between household SEP and TB was driven by a pre-defined conceptual framework. Adjusted Population Attributable Fractions (aPAF) were estimated. Prevalent TB was significantly associated with lower household SEP [aOR = 6.2, 95%CI: 2.0–19.2 and aOR = 3.4, 95%CI: 1.8–7.6 respectively for low and medium household SEP compared to high]. Other risk factors for prevalent TB included having a diet poor in proteins [aOR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.1–8.7], being HIV positive [aOR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.7–5.8], not BCG vaccinated [aOR = 7.7, 95%CI: 2.8–20.8], and having a history of migration [aOR = 5.2, 95%CI: 2.7–10.2]. These associations were not confounded by household SEP. The association between household SEP and TB appeared to be mediated by inadequate consumption of protein food. Approximately the same proportion of cases could be attributed to this variable and HIV infection (aPAF = 42% and 36%, respectively). Conclusions While the fight against HIV remains central for TB control, interventions addressing low household SEP and, especially food availability, may contribute to strengthen our control efforts.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                April 2013
                : 33
                : 4
                : 294-301
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP) orgdiv2Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa Brasil alexsan@ 123456ensp.fiocruz.br
                Article
                S1020-49892013000400009 S1020-4989(13)03300400009
                10.1590/s1020-49892013000400009
                381a8187-4be0-4854-a9da-e2831bc69561

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 April 2012
                : 31 December 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)

                Tuberculose,pobreza,fatores socioeconômicos,socioeconomic factors,review,poverty,Tuberculosis,revisão

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