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      Psychological distress and the perception of radiation risks: the Fukushima health management survey Translated title: Détresse psychologique et perception des risques liés aux rayonnements: l'enquête de surveillance sanitaire Fukushima Health Management Survey Translated title: La angustia psicológica y la percepción de los riesgos de radiación: la encuesta sobre la gestión sanitaria en Fukushima (Fukushima Health Management Survey) Translated title: الكرب النفسي وإدراك مخاطر الإشعاع: مسح إدارة الصحة في فوكوشيما Translated title: 心理压力和对辐射风险的认知: 福岛健康管理调查 Translated title: Психологические расстройства и восприятие риска, связанного с радиацией: данные исследования Fukushima Health Management Survey (анкетирование по вопросам здравоохранения в АЭС «Фукусима»)

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To assess relationships between the perception of radiation risks and psychological distress among evacuees from the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster.

          Methods

          We analysed cross-sectional data from a survey of evacuees conducted in 2012. Psychological distress was classified as present or absent based on the K6 scale. Respondents recorded their views about the health risks of exposure to ionizing radiation, including immediate, delayed and genetic (inherited) health effects, on a four-point Likert scale. We examined associations between psychological distress and risk perception in logistic regression models. Age, gender, educational attainment, history of mental illness and the consequences of the disaster for employment and living conditions were potential confounders.

          Findings

          Out of the 180 604 people who received the questionnaire, we included 59 807 responses in our sample. There were 8717 respondents reporting psychological distress. Respondents who believed that radiation exposure was very likely to cause health effects were significantly more likely to be psychologically distressed than other respondents: odds ratio (OR) 1.64 (99.9% confidence interval, CI: 1.42–1.89) for immediate effects; OR: 1.48 (99.9% CI: 1.32–1.67) for delayed effects and OR: 2.17 (99.9% CI: 1.94–2.42) for genetic (inherited) effects. Similar results were obtained after controlling for individual characteristics and disaster-related stressors.

          Conclusion

          Among evacuees of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, concern about radiation risks was associated with psychological distress.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Évaluer les liens entre la perception des risques liés aux rayonnements et la détresse psychologique chez des personnes évacuées suite à la catastrophe survenue à la centrale nucléaire de Fukushima.

          Méthodes

          Nous avons analysé des données transversales tirées d'une enquête réalisée en 2012 auprès des personnes évacuées. La détresse psychologique a été classée comme présente ou absente en utilisant l'échelle K6. Dans l’enquête, les répondants avaient évalué leur perception des risques sanitaires liés à l'exposition à des rayonnements ionisants -effets sur la santé immédiats, différés et génétiques (hérités)- sur une échelle de Likert à quatre points. Nous avons étudié les associations entre détresse psychologique et perception des risques à l'aide de modèles de régression logistique. L'âge, le sexe, le niveau d'études, les antécédents de maladies mentales et les conséquences de la catastrophe sur l'emploi et les conditions de vie ont été identifiés comme des facteurs de confusion potentiels.

          Résultats

          180 604 personnes avaient reçu le questionnaire. Dans notre échantillon, nous avons inclus 59 807 réponses. Pour 8 717 personnes, les réponses traduisent la présence d'une détresse psychologique. Les répondants qui estimaient que l'exposition aux rayonnements était très susceptible d'avoir des effets sur la santé ont été largement plus enclins à souffrir de détresse psychologique comparativement aux autres répondants: rapport des cotes (RC) 1,64 (intervalle de confiance (IC) de 99,9%: 1,42–1,89) pour les effets immédiats; RC: 1,48 (IC 99,9%: 1,32–1,67) pour les effets différés et RC: 2,17 (IC 99,9%: 1,94–2,42) pour les effets génétiques (hérités). Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus après contrôle des caractéristiques individuelles et des facteurs de stress liés à la catastrophe.

          Conclusion

          Chez les personnes évacuées suite à la catastrophe nucléaire de Fukushima, les inquiétudes concernant les risques liés aux rayonnements ont été associées à une détresse psychologique.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Evaluar la relación entre la percepción de los riesgos de radiación y la angustia psicológica entre los evacuados del desastre de la central nuclear de Fukushima.

          Métodos

          Se analizaron los datos transversales de una encuesta realizada a los evacuados en 2012. La angustia psicológica se clasificó en términos de presente o ausente en base a la escala K6. Los encuestados registraron sus opiniones sobre los riesgos sanitarios de la exposición a la radiación ionizante, incluyendo los efectos inmediatos, tardíos o genéticos (heredados) en la salud en una escala Likert de cuatro puntos. Se examinaron las asociaciones entre la angustia psicológica y la percepción de los riesgos en modelos logísticos de regresión. La edad, el género, el nivel educativo, el historial de enfermedades mentales y las consecuencias del desastre en cuanto a empleo y vida fueron factores potenciales de confusión.

          Resultados

          En nuestra muestra se incluyeron 59.807 respuestas de las 180.604 personas que realizaron el cuestionario. Hubo 8.717 encuestados que registraron angustia psicológica. Aquellos encuestados que creían que la exposición a la radiación muy probablemente causaría efectos sobre la salud tenían más posibilidades de estar psicológicamente angustiados que otros encuestados: cociente de posibilidades (CP) de 1,64 (intervalo de confianza, IC, del 99,9%: 1,42–1,89) para efectos inmediatos; CP: 1,48 (IC del 99,9%: 1,32-1,67) para efectos tardíos, y CP: 2,17 (IC del 99,9%: 1,94–2,42) para efectos genéticos (heredados). Se obtuvieron resultados parecidos tras controlar las características individuales y los agentes de estrés relacionados con desastres.

          Conclusión

          En los evacuados del desastre nuclear de Fukushima, la preocupación en relación con los riesgos de radiación estaba asociada con la angustia psicológica.

          ملخص

          الغرض

          تقييم العلاقات القائمة ما بين إدراك مخاطر الإشعاع والكرب النفسي بين الضحايا الذين تم إجلاؤهم من الكارثة النووية التي أحاقت بمفاعل فوكوشيما النووي.

          الطريقة

          قمنا بتحليل البيانات المأخوذة من قطاعات متعددة والمستخلصة من مسح شمل الضحايا الذين تم إجلاؤهم كان قد تم إجراؤه في عام 2012. وتم تصنيف الكرب النفسي على أنه حالة قائمة أو غير موجودة بناءً على مقياس K6. وقد سجّل المشاركون وجهات نظرهم بشأن المخاطر الصحية المرتبطة بالتعرض للإشعاع المُؤيِّن، بما يشمل الآثار الصحية الفورية والمؤجلة والجينية (الموروثة) على مقياس ليكرت رباعي النقاط. كما نظرنا في علاقات الاقتران ما بين الكرب النفسي وإدراك الخطر في نماذج التحوف (Regression model) اللوجيستي. وظهرت عوامل السن والجنس والتحصيل التعليمي وتاريخ المرض العقلي وتبعات الكارثة على التوظيف وظروف المعيشة كعوامل مُربكة (Confounders).

          النتائج

          من بين 180,604 شخصًا تسلموا الاستبيان، فقد قمنا بتضمين 59,807 استجابة في عينتنا. وقد أبلغ 8717 مشاركاً عن الإصابة بكرب نفسي. وكان المشاركون الذين يعتقدون أن التعرض إلى الإشعاع يمثل احتمالاً وارداً للغاية للتسبب في آثار صحية يواجهون احتمالاً أعلى للإصابة بالكرب النفسي بالمقارنة مع غيرهم من المشاركين: بنسبة احتمال 1.64 (بفاصل ثقة 99.9% يبلغ: 1.42‏–1.89) للآثار الفورية، ونسبة احتمال: 1.48 (بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 99.9%: 1.32‏–1.67) للآثار المؤجلة، ونسبة احتمال: 2.17 (بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 99.9%: 1.94–2.42) للآثار الجينية (الموروثة). وتم الحصول على نتائج مشابهة بعد التحكم في الخصائص الفردية ومسببات الكرب المرتبطة بالكارثة.

          الاستنتاج

          كان القلق بشأن مخاطر الإشعاع يرتبط بالكرب النفسي بين الضحايا الذين تم إجراؤها من كارثة فوكوشيما النووية.

          摘要

          目的

          旨在评估对辐射风险的认知与经历福岛核电站灾难的撤离人员的心理压力之间的关系。

          方法

          我们分析了从在  2012 年开展的撤离人员调查中获取的横截面数据。根据 K6 量表,心理压力被分为存在或不存在两种情况。 受访者记录了他们对因电离辐射而造成的健康风险的看法,包括李克特 (Likert) 四分量表中对健康产生的直接性、延缓性和基因性(遗传性)影响。 我们采用逻辑回归模型调查了心理压力和风险认知之间的关联。 年龄、性别、受教育程度、精神病史以及灾难对就业和生活条件产生的后果都是潜在的混杂因素。

          结果

          从收到调查问卷的 180 604 名人员中,我们在抽样调查中囊括了其中 59 807 个人的回答。 其中有 8717 名受访者表明有心理压力。 认为接触辐射非常有可能引起健康问题的受访者比其他受访者更有可能产生心理压力: 直接性影响的比值比 (OR) 为 1.64(99.9% 置信区间,CI: 1.42–1.89),延缓性影响的比值比 (OR) 为 1.48 (99.9% CI: 1.32-1.67),基因性(遗传性)影响的比值比 (OR) 为 2.17 (99.9% CI: 1.94–2.42)。 在对个人特征和与灾难相关的压力因素进行控制后,得到相似的结果。

          结论

          在经历了福岛核电站灾难的撤离人员中,对辐射风险的担忧与心理压力有关。

          Резюме

          Цель

          Оценить связь между восприятием рисков, связанных с радиацией, и психологическими расстройствами среди лиц, эвакуированных из зоны катастрофы на АЭС «Фукусима».

          Методы

          Был проведен анализ перекрестных данных анкетирования эвакуированных лиц, которое проводилось в 2012 году. Наличие или отсутствие психологических расстройств классифицировалось по шкале К6. Респонденты выражали свое мнение по вопросу риска для здоровья вследствие воздействия ионизирующей радиации, включая непосредственное воздействие, отсроченное и генетическое (наследственное) воздействие на здоровье, давая оценку по четырехбалльной шкале Лайкерта. Была проанализирована связь между психологическими расстройствами и восприятием риска с помощью регрессионных логистических моделей. В числе возможных факторов влияния на результаты могли быть возраст, пол, уровень образования, наличие психических заболеваний в анамнезе и то, как катастрофа сказалась на трудоустройстве и условиях проживания анкетируемых.

          Результаты

          В нашу выборку мы включили 59 807 ответов из общего числа 180 604 опрошенных лиц. Среди респондентов 8717 человек сообщали о наличии у них психологических расстройств. Респонденты, которые считали, что воздействие радиации с высокой вероятностью может повлиять на здоровье, испытывали психологическое расстройство в значительно большей мере, нежели другие респонденты: отношение шансов (ОШ) составило 1,64 (при 99,9% доверительном интервале, ДИ: 1,42–1,89) для непосредственного воздействия, ОШ 1,48 (99,9% ДИ: 1,32–1,67) для отсроченного воздействия и ОШ 2,17 (99,9% ДИ: 1,94–2,42) для генетических (унаследованных) дефектов. Сходные результаты были получены после корректировки по индивидуальным характеристикам и стрессовым факторам, связанным с катастрофой.

          Вывод

          Среди лиц, эвакуированных в связи с ядерной катастрофой на АЭС «Фукусима», озабоченность радиационными рисками ассоциируется с психологическим расстройством.

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          Results for 160 samples of disaster victims were coded as to sample type, disaster type, disaster location, outcomes and risk factors observed, and overall severity of impairment. In order of frequency, outcomes included specific psychological problems, nonspecific distress, health problems, chronic problems in living, resource loss, and problems specific to youth. Regression analyses showed that samples were more likely to be impaired if they were composed of youth rather than adults, were from developing rather than developed countries, or experienced mass violence (e.g., terrorism, shooting sprees) rather than natural or technological disasters. Most samples of rescue and recovery workers showed remarkable resilience. Within adult samples, more severe exposure, female gender, middle age, ethnic minority status, secondary stressors, prior psychiatric problems, and weak or deteriorating psychosocial resources most consistently increased the likelihood of adverse outcomes. Among youth, family factors were primary. Implications of the research for clinical practice and community intervention are discussed in a companion article (Norris, Friedman, and Watson, this volume).
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            The Chernobyl Forum Report from the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster concluded that mental health effects were the most significant public health consequence of the accident. This paper provides an updated review of research on the psychological impact of the accident during the 25 year period since the catastrophe began. First responders and clean-up workers had the greatest exposure to radiation. Recent studies show that their rates of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder remain elevated two decades later. Very young children and those in utero who lived near the plant when it exploded or in severely contaminated areas have been the subject of considerable research, but the findings are inconsistent. Recent studies of prenatally exposed children conducted in Kiev, Norway and Finland point to specific neuropsychological and psychological impairments associated with radiation exposure, whereas other studies found no significant cognitive or mental health effects in exposed children grown up. General population studies report increased rates of poor self-rated health as well as clinical and subclinical depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Mothers of young children exposed to the disaster remain a high-risk group for these conditions, primarily due to lingering worries about the adverse health effects on their families. Thus, long-term mental health consequences continue to be a concern. The unmet need for mental health care in affected regions remains an important public health challenge 25 years later. Future research is needed that combines physical and mental health outcome measures to complete the clinical picture. Copyright © 2011 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Mental Health and Related Factors after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

              Mental health is one of the most important issues facing disaster survivors. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and correlates of mental health problems in survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami at 6–11 months after the disaster. The questionnaire and notification were sent to the survivors in three municipalities in the Tohoku area of the Northern part of Honshu, Japan’s largest island, between September 2011 and February 2012. Questionnaires were sent to 12,772, 11,411, and 18,648 residents in the Yamada, Otsuchi, and Rikuzentakata municipalities, respectively. Residents were asked to bring the completed questionnaires to their health check-ups. A total of 11,124 or (26.0%) of them underwent health check-ups, and 10,198 were enrolled. We excluded 179 for whom a K6 score was missing and two who were both 17 years of age, which left 10,025 study participants (3,934 male and 6,091 female, mean age 61.0 years). K6 was used to measure mental health problems. The respondents were classified into moderate (5–12 of K6) and serious mental health problems (13+). A total of 42.6% of the respondents had moderate or serious mental health problems. Multivariate analysis showed that women were significantly associated with mental health problems. Other variables associated with mental health problems were: younger male, health complaints, severe economic status, relocations, and lack of a social network. An interaction effect of sex and economic status on severe mental health problems was statistically significant. Our findings suggest that mental health problems were prevalent in survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. For men and women, health complaints, severe economic status, relocations, and lack of social network may be important risk factors of poor mental health. For men, interventions focusing on economic support may be particularly useful in reducing mental health problems after the disaster.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bull World Health Organ
                Bull. World Health Organ
                BLT
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                World Health Organization
                0042-9686
                1564-0604
                01 September 2015
                15 June 2015
                : 93
                : 9
                : 598-605
                Affiliations
                [a ]National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Adult Mental Health, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
                [b ]Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
                [c ]Fukushima Prefecture Developmental Disability Support Center, Fukushima, Japan.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Yuriko Suzuki (email: yrsuzuki@ 123456ncnp.go.jp ).
                Article
                BLT.14.146498
                10.2471/BLT.14.146498
                4581639
                26478623
                37db8d00-c751-41e8-9ecb-7ad216fb78c9
                (c) 2015 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 29 August 2014
                : 30 March 2015
                : 14 May 2015
                Categories
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