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      WHO and UNICEF estimates of national infant immunization coverage: methods and processes Translated title: Estimations par l'OMS et l'UNICEF des couvertures vaccinales des nourrissons par pays: méthodes et procédures Translated title: Estimaciones de la OMS y el UNICEF sobre la cobertura nacional de vacunación de los lactantes: métodos y procedimientos

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          Abstract

          WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) annually review data on immunization coverage to estimate national coverage with routine service delivery of the following vaccines: bacille Calmette-Guérin; diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, first and third doses; either oral polio vaccine or inactivated polio vaccine, third dose of either; hepatitis B, third dose; Haemophilus influenzae type b, third dose; and a measles virus-containing vaccine, either for measles alone or in the form of a combination vaccine, one dose. The estimates are based on government reports submitted to WHO and UNICEF and are supplemented by survey results from the published and grey literature. Local experts, primarily national immunization system managers and WHO/UNICEF regional and national staff, are consulted for additional information on the performance of specific immunization systems. Estimates are derived through a country-by-country review of available data informed and constrained by a set of heuristics; no statistical or mathematical models are used. Draft estimates are made, sent to national authorities for review and comment and modified in light of their feedback. While the final estimates may not differ from reported data, they constitute an independent technical assessment by WHO and UNICEF of the performance of national immunization systems. These country-specific estimates, available from 1980 onward, are updated annually.

          Translated abstract

          L'OMS et le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance (UNICEF) révisent chaque année les données de couverture vaccinale pour estimer les couvertures des pays par les services de vaccination systématique dans le cas des vaccins suivants : BCG, vaccin antidiphtérique-antitétanique-anticoquelucheux, première et troisième doses, vaccin antipoliomyélitique oral ou inactivé, troisième doses, vaccin contre l'hépatite B, troisième doses, vaccin contre Haemophilus influenzae type b, troisième dose ; et vaccin à valence rougeole, sous forme de vaccin antirougeoleux uniquement ou de vaccin combiné, une dose. Ces estimations reposent sur les rapports soumis par les gouvernements à l'OMS et à l'UNICEF et sont complétées par des résultats d'enquêtes, tirés de la littérature grise ou publiée. Des experts locaux, principalement des gestionnaires de systèmes de vaccination nationaux et des membres du personnel régional ou national de l'OMS et de l'UNICEF, sont complémentaires consultés pour obtenir des informations sur les performances de certains systèmes de vaccination. Les estimations sont obtenues à partir d'une analyse par pays des données disponibles, étayée et encadrée par un ensemble d'hypothèses heuristiques ; on ne recourt à aucun modèle statistique ou mathématique. Des estimations préliminaires sont établies, envoyées aux autorités nationales pour examen et commentaires et modifiées à la lumière des observations reçues. Bien que les estimations finales puissent ne pas différer des données rapportées, elles constituent une évaluation technique indépendante par l'OMS et l'UNICEF des performances des systèmes de vaccination nationaux Ces estimations par pays, disponibles depuis 1980, sont actualisées chaque année.

          Translated abstract

          La OMS y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) analizan cada año los datos sobre la cobertura de vacunación para calcular la cobertura nacional de los servicios de administración sistemática de las siguientes vacunas: bacilo de Calmette-Guérin; difteria-tétanos-tos ferina, primera y tercera dosis; vacuna antipoliomielítica oral o inactivada, tercera dosis de cualquiera de ellas; hepatitis B, tercera dosis; Haemophilus influenzae tipo b, tercera dosis; y una vacuna contra el virus del sarampión, ya sea sólo contra esta enfermedad o en forma de vacuna combinada, una dosis. Las estimaciones están basadas en los informes presentados por los gobiernos a la OMS y el UNICEF, complementados por resultados procedentes de diversas publicaciones y de la literatura gris. Se consulta además a expertos locales, principalmente responsables de los sistemas nacionales de inmunización y personal regional y nacional de la OMS y el UNICEF, para reunir información adicional sobre la eficacia de sistemas de inmunización concretos. Las estimaciones se basan en un análisis por países de los datos disponibles, fundamentado y limitado por un conjunto de reglas empíricas; no se emplean modelos estadísticos ni matemáticos. Las estimaciones preliminares son enviadas a las autoridades nacionales para que las examinen y formulen observaciones, y se modifican en función de esa retroinformación. Aunque no siempre distintas de los datos notificados, las estimaciones finales pueden considerarese el resultado de una evaluación técnica independiente realizada por la OMS y el UNICEF sobre el desempeño de los sistemas nacionales de inmunización. Disponibles desde 1980, estas estimaciones específicas para cada país son actualizadas cada año.

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          Most cited references54

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              How best to estimate the global burden of pertussis?

              In most countries, pertussis surveillance is inadequate for accurately estimating numbers of cases or deaths. Good estimates are needed to help set priorities for vaccination programmes. We aimed to develop a simple, reliable, and explicit method for estimating pertussis cases and deaths for children under 15 years to calculate the global disease burden in 1999. We estimated the proportion of susceptible children becoming infected in countries with poor vaccination coverage ( or =70%) at 10% by 1 year, 60% by 5 years, and 100% by 15 years. Vaccine efficacy was estimated at 80% for preventing infection and 95% for preventing deaths. We used UN population estimates and vaccination coverage reported to WHO (adjusted for specific survey data if available). Case fatality ratios for countries with high and low child mortality were derived from published and unpublished work. For some countries with good vital events registration we used reported deaths adjusted for underascertainment. In 1999 there were an estimated 48.5 million pertussis cases in children worldwide. Deaths from pertussis were estimated at 390000 and at 295000 after adjustment for local data sources. Based on this approach, disability-adjusted life years from pertussis (12.7 million) in 2000 exceeded those of other preventable diseases such as lung cancer (11.4 million) and meningitis (5.8 million). This simple approach yields estimates that can be used for setting vaccination programme priorities. Better data are needed on the public health importance of pertussis in high mortality countries, the benefits of incomplete vaccination, and the harm from delayed vaccination.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                July 2009
                : 87
                : 7
                : 535-541
                Affiliations
                [1 ] World Health Organization Switzerland
                [2 ] United Nations Children's Fund Brazil
                Article
                S0042-96862009000700015
                10.2471/BLT.08.053819
                19649368
                37a3b0f4-abe0-4348-b291-511e83088686

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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