West Nile virus outbreak in humans and epidemiological surveillance, west Andalusia, Spain, 2016

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Abstract

In Andalusia, Spain, West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance takes place from April to November, during the active vector period. Within this area seroconversion to this virus was evidenced in wild birds in 2004, affecting horses and two humans for the first time in 2010. Since 2010, the virus has been isolated every year in horses, and national and regional surveillance plans have been updated with the epidemiological changes found. WNV is spreading rapidly throughout southern Europe and has caused outbreaks in humans. Here we describe the second WNV outbreak in humans in Andalusia, with three confirmed cases, which occurred between August and September 2016, and the measures carried out to control it. Surveillance during the transmission season is essential to monitor and ensure prompt identification of any outbreaks.

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Most cited references 16

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Comparison of flavivirus universal primer pairs and development of a rapid, highly sensitive heminested reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of flaviviruses targeted to a conserved region of the NS5 gene sequences.

N Scaramozzino, J M Crance, A Jouan … (2001)

Arthropod-transmitted flaviviruses are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, causing severe encephalitic, hemorrhagic, and febrile illnesses in humans. Because there are no specific clinical symptoms for infection by a determined virus and because different arboviruses could be present in the same area, a genus diagnosis by PCR would be a useful first-line diagnostic method. The six published Flavivirus genus primer pairs localized in the NS1, NS3, NS5, and 3' NC regions were evaluated in terms of specificity and sensitivity with flaviviruses (including the main viruses pathogenic for humans) at a titer of 10(5) 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID(50)s) ml(-1) with a common identification step by agarose gel electrophoresis. Only one NS5 primer pair allowed the detection of all tested flaviviruses with the sensitivity limit of 10(5) TCID(50)s ml(-1). Using a heminested PCR with new primers designed in the same region after an alignment of 30 different flaviviruses, the sensitivity of reverse transcription-PCR was improved and allowed the detection of about 200 infectious doses ml(-1) with all of the tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses tested. It was confirmed that the sequenced amplified products in the NS5 region allowed predictability of flavivirus species by dendrogram, including the New York 99 West Nile strain. This technique was successfully performed with a cerebrospinal fluid sample from a patient hospitalized with West Nile virus encephalitis.

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The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities.

A A Rizzoli, M. A. Jiménez-Clavero, L Barzon … (2015)

West Nile virus (WNV) is continuously spreading across Europe, and other continents, i.e. North and South America and many other regions of the world. Despite the overall sporadic nature of outbreaks with cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) in Europe, the spillover events have increased and the virus has been introduced into new areas. The high genetic diversity of the virus, with remarkable phenotypic variation, and its endemic circulation in several countries, require an intensification of the integrated and multidisciplinary research efforts built under the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union (FP7). It is important to better clarify several aspects of WNV circulation in Europe, including its ecology, genomic diversity, pathogenicity, transmissibility, diagnosis and control options, under different environmental and socio-economic scenarios. Identifying WNV endemic as well as infection-free areas is becoming a need for the development of human vaccines and therapeutics and the application of blood and organs safety regulations. This review, produced as a joint initiative among European experts and based on analysis of 118 scientific papers published between 2004 and 2014, provides the state of knowledge on WNV and highlights the existing knowledge and research gaps that need to be addressed with high priority in Europe and neighbouring countries.

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Excretion of West Nile virus in urine during acute infection.

Monia Pacenti, Luisa Barzon, Elisa Franchin … (2013)

Detection of West Nile virus (WNV) RNA in urine has been anecdotally described and proposed for the diagnosis of WNV infection. This study reports the routine use of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of WNV RNA in urine to support diagnosis of WNV infection during the large outbreak that occurred in northeastern Italy in 2012. Fourteen of 32 patients (43.8%) with symptomatic WNV infection, defined as neuroinvasive disease and fever, had detectable WNV RNA in urine at the time of diagnosis, at a higher rate and load and for a longer time than detection of WNV RNA in blood. Detection of WNV RNA in urine was less frequent (2 of 14 patients [14.2%]) in blood donors in whom WNV infection was identified by WNV nucleic acid amplification testing. Infectious virus was isolated from the urine of a patient with neuroinvasive disease and a high WNV RNA load in urine.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Euro Surveill

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Euro Surveill

Journal ID (publisher-id): eurosurveillance

Title: Eurosurveillance

Publisher: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

ISSN (Print): 1025-496X

ISSN (Electronic): 1560-7917

Publication date (Print): 05 April 2018

Volume: 23

Issue: 14

Electronic Location Identifier: 17-00261

Affiliations

[1 ]Surveillance Department, Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health, Seville, Spain

[2 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cadiz, Spain

[3 ]Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain

[4 ]Institute of Biosanitary Research, Granada, Spain

[5 ]Network Cooperative Research in Tropical Diseases (RICET), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain

[6 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain

[7 ]Transfusion Tissues and Cells Center, Seville, Spain

[8 ]General Secretary for Public Health and Consumption, Regional Ministry of Health, Andalusia, Spain

Author notes

Correspondence: Nuria López-Ruiz ( nurialopezruiz@ 123456gmail.com )

Article

Publisher ID: 17-00261 Publisher ID: 17-00261 Other ID: 17-00261

DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.14.17-00261

PMC ID: 5894251

PubMed ID: 29637890

SO-VID: 374a6a04-3548-42f8-809a-951b01512819

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.

History

Date received : 09 April 2017

Date accepted : 15 August 2017

Custom metadata

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Keywords: west nile fever,infection control,outbreaks,surveillance,laboratory surveillance,epidemiology,andalusia,vector-borne disease,viral infections

Data availability:

Keywords: west nile fever, infection control, outbreaks, surveillance, laboratory surveillance, epidemiology, andalusia, vector-borne disease, viral infections

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