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      Tétanos localisé sans porte d´entrée apparente: à propos d´un cas à Bamako (Mali) Translated title: Localised tetanus with no obvious entry site: about a case in Bamako (Mali)

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          Abstract

          Le tétanos demeure un problème majeur de santé publique en Afrique subsaharienne. La forme localisée semble rare, contrairement à la forme généralisée suffisamment décrite. Nous rapportons un cas de tétanos localisé sans porte d´entrée apparente, pris en charge dans un service des Maladies Infectieuses à Bamako. Il s´est agi d´une infirmière à la retraite de 59 ans qui n´avait pas fait de rappel de vaccination antitétanique depuis 10 ans, correspondant à la période de son dernier accouchement. Elle avait été référée dans un tableau clinique associant une dysphagie et impossibilité d´ouvrir la cavité buccale. L´histoire de la maladie avait révélé un long itinéraire thérapeutique marqué par de nombreuses consultations spécialisées sans amélioration aucune. Le diagnostic de tétanos localisé sans porte d´entrée apparente avait été retenu après avoir éliminé toute autre affection locale. L´évolution était déjà favorable dix jours après une prise en charge adéquate. Sous diagnostiqué ou méconnu du personnel de santé, le tétanos localisé peut mimer d´autres affections retardant le diagnostic et la prise en charge. La sensibilisation ciblée de la population doit être renforcée en vue du respect scrupuleux du calendrier des rappels vaccinaux.

          Translated abstract

          Tetanus is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Localised tetanus is rare, unlike generalized tetanus which has been sufficiently described in the literature. We report a case of localised tetanus with no obvious entry site managed in the Department of Infectious Diseases in Bamako. The study involved a retired nurse aged 59 years who had not undergone tetanus booster immunisation within the last 10 years, corresponding to the date of her last delivery. She was referred to our Hospital with dysphagia associated with inability to open the buccal cavity. Patient’s history was characterized by long-term therapy associated with many specialized consultations without any improvement. The diagnosis of localised tetanus with no obvious entry site was retained after having excluded any other local disorder. Outcome was favorable ten days after adequate management. Underdiagnosed or unknown to health-care providers, localised tetanus may mimic other diseases delaying diagnosis and management. Targeted campaign to build awareness should be implemented in order to improve adherence with immunization schedules.

          Most cited references8

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          Treatment of tetanus: an open study to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin and metronidazole.

          A prospective, open, non-randomised clinical trial was carried out to compare the efficacy of procaine penicillin with metronidazole in the treatment of moderate tetanus among 173 patients. Patients in the metronidazole group had a significantly lower mortality rate, a shorter stay in hospital, and an improved response to treatment. These results establish the value of antimicrobial treatment in the management of tetanus and show that metronidazole is more efficacious than penicillin in this respect.
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            Ten-year experiences with Tetanus at a Tertiary hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: A retrospective review of 102 cases

            Background Tetanus is still a major health problem in developing countries and it is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. There is paucity of published data regarding the management of tetanus in Tanzania, especially the study area. This study was conducted to describe our own experiences with tetanus outlining the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of tetanus patients in our environment and to identify predictors of outcome of these patients. Methods This was a ten-year period retrospective study of patients who presented with a clinical diagnosis of tetanus at Bugando Medical Centre between January 2001 and December 2010. Data was analyzed using SPSS computer software system. Results A total of 102 patients were studied. The male to female ratio was 11.8: 1. The majority of patients (74.5%) were aged < 40 years and 51.0% of them were farmers. Only 23.5% of patients had prior tetanus immunization. 53.5% of patients had a reasonably identifiable acute injury prior to the onset of tetanus and commonly involved the lower limbs (53.8%). The majority of patients (97.1%) had generalized tetanus. The mean incubation period and period of onset were 8.62 ± 4.34 and 3.8 ± 2.2 days respectively. Complication rate was 54.9%. The average overall duration of hospitalization was 34.12 ± 38.44 days (1-120 days). Mortality rate was 43.1%. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, the age ≥ 40 years (P = 0.002), incubation period < 7 days (P = 0.014), tracheostomy (P = 0.004), severity of tetanus (P = 0.001) and need for ventilatory support (P = 0.013) were found to be significantly associated with higher mortality. Conclusion Tetanus remains a major public health problem in our centre and still carries unacceptably high morbidity and mortality despite the available advanced management facilities including ICU care. Young adult males are commonly affected. The incidence of tetanus can be reduced significantly by an effective immunization program and proper wound management of the patients. Early recognition, intense support and prompt treatment improves morbidity and mortality of patients diagnosed with tetanus.
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              [Localized tetanus in Abidjan: clinical and prognostic features (1976-1997)].

              Localised tetanus, rarely described in Africa, was examined retrospectively in Abidjan, over a period of 22 years (1976-97). Forty-five patients--representing an incidence rate of 2% of tetanus cases--were reported in this time span. The mean age was 23 years, and none of the patients had had prior access to adequate immunoprophylaxis. Three clinical forms were observed: tetanus of the limbs (32 cases, 71%), cephalic tetanus (11 cases, 25%), and abdominal tetanus (2 cases, 4%). Infection had occurred via wounds of the limbs (38%), intramuscular injections (33%), craniofacial wounds (25%), and abdominal wounds (2%). No portal of entry was identified for 2% of the cases. 37 patients were cured (82%) of whom 5 retained sequelae (11%). 7 deaths were observed (16%). In terms of prognosis, the only risk was secondary generalisation of tetanus (27%).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                31 August 2020
                2020
                : 36
                : 377
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service des Maladies Infectieuses Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point G, Bamako, Mali,
                [2 ]Faculté de Médecine et d´Odontostomatologie, Bamako, Mali,
                [3 ]Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur la Tuberculose et le VIH (SEREFO), Bamako, Mali
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Hermine Meli, Service des Maladies Infectieuses Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point G, Bamako, Mali. meline20012002@ 123456yahoo.fr
                Article
                PAMJ-36-377
                10.11604/pamj.2020.36.377.22721
                7666701
                36802106-ed23-42b5-801b-94459733a81c
                Copyright: Hermine Meli et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 08 April 2020
                : 21 April 2020
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                tétanos localisé,centre hospitalier universitaire bamako,afrique subsaharienne,localised tetanus,bamako university hospital,sub-saharan africa

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