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      Technologies and Formulation Design of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery

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          Abstract

          Polysaccharide-based hydrogel particles (PbHPs) are very promising carriers aiming to control and target the release of drugs with different physico-chemical properties. Such delivery systems can offer benefits through the proper encapsulation of many drugs (non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, etc) ensuring their proper release and targeting. This review discusses the different phases involved in the production of PbHPs in pharmaceutical technology, such as droplet formation (SOL phase), sol-gel transition of the droplets (GEL phase) and drying, as well as the different methods available for droplet production with a special focus on prilling technique. In addition, an overview of the various droplet gelation methods with particular emphasis on ionic cross-linking of several polysaccharides enabling the formation of particles with inner highly porous network or nanofibrillar structure is given. Moreover, a detailed survey of the different inner texture, in xerogels, cryogels or aerogels, each with specific arrangement and properties, which can be obtained with different drying methods, is presented. Various case studies are reported to highlight the most appropriate application of such systems in pharmaceutical field. We also describe the challenges to be faced for the breakthrough towards clinic studies and, finally, the market, focusing on the useful approach of safety-by-design (SbD).

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          Most cited references204

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          Cell encapsulation in biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications.

          Encapsulating cells in biodegradable hydrogels offers numerous attractive features for tissue engineering, including ease of handling, a highly hydrated tissue-like environment for cell and tissue growth, and the ability to form in vivo. Many properties important to the design of a hydrogel scaffold, such as swelling, mechanical properties, degradation, and diffusion, are closely linked to the crosslinked structure of the hydrogel, which is controlled through a variety of different processing conditions. Degradation may be tuned by incorporating hydrolytically or enzymatically labile segments into the hydrogel or by using natural biopolymers that are susceptible to enzymatic degradation. Because cells are present during the gelation process, the number of suitable chemistries and formulations are limited. In this review, we describe important considerations for designing biodegradable hydrogels for cell encapsulation and highlight recent advances in material design and their applications in tissue engineering.
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            Polysaccharide-based aerogels—Promising biodegradable carriers for drug delivery systems

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              Chitin--the undisputed biomolecule of great potential.

              Of the truly abundant polysaccharides in Nature, only chitin has yet to find utilization in large quantity. Chitin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer derived from exoskeletons of crustaceans and also from cell walls of fungi and insects. Chitin is a linear beta 1,4-linked polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), whereas chitosan, a copolymer of GlcNAc (approximately 20%) and glucosamine (GlcN, 80%) residues, is a product derived from de-N-acetylation of chitin in the presence of hot alkali. Chitosan is, in fact, a collective name representing a family of de-N-acetylated chitins deacetylated to different degrees. Both chitin/chitosan and their modified derivatives find extensive applications in medicine, agriculture, food, and non-food industries as well. They have emerged as a new class of physiological materials of highly sophisticated functions. Their application versatility is a great challenge to the scientific community and to industry. All these are the result of their versatile biological activity, excellent biocompatibility, and complete biodegradability in combination with low toxicity. Commercial availability of high-purity forms of chitin/chitosan and the continuous appearance of new types of chitin/chitosan derivatives with more and more useful and specific properties have led to an unlimited R&D efforts on this most versatile amino polysaccharide, chitin to find new applications, which are necessary to realize its full potential. Incidentally, this too has become an environmental priority. No doubt, chitin is surely an undisputed biomolecule of great potential.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                10 July 2020
                July 2020
                : 25
                : 14
                : 3156
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I—84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; gauriemma@ 123456unisa.it (G.A.); paorusso@ 123456unisa.it (P.R.); pdelgaudio@ 123456unisa.it (P.D.G.)
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; carlos.garcia@ 123456usc.es (C.A.G.-G.); m.landin@ 123456usc.es (M.L.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: aquinorp@ 123456unisa.it ; Tel.: +39-089-969395; Fax: +39-089-969602
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9547-0969
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4362-4388
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-4523
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-3679
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-8958
                Article
                molecules-25-03156
                10.3390/molecules25143156
                7397281
                32664256
                367a90b2-d1aa-4ff9-b21c-b67f03c7de1e
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 05 June 2020
                : 02 July 2020
                Categories
                Review

                polysaccharides,hydrogels,prilling,droplets,ionotropic gelation,drying,xerogels,cryogels,aerogels

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