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      Erosive tooth wear and salivary parameters among competitive swimmers and non-swimmers in Egypt: a cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Competitive swimmers spend considerable time practicing their sport. Prolonged exposure to chlorinated water can alter salivary parameters and might compromise oral health. This study aimed to determine erosive tooth wear status and its related risk factors among competitive swimmers as compared to non-swimmers.

          Materials and methods

          A cross-sectional study consisting of 180 athletes (90 competitive swimmers versus 90 competitive rowers “non-swimmers”) was conducted. Participants were interviewed on the common erosion risk factors. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination system was used to assess the status of erosive tooth wear. Stimulated saliva sample was collected before and after a training session and pool pH was evaluated using pH strips for 7 days. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis.

          Results

          The prevalence of dental erosion was significantly higher among competitive swimmers (60%) with higher BEWE scores compared to non-swimmers (25.6%). The salivary flow rate was reduced significantly after training sessions in both groups while salivary pH increased among swimmers. Evaluation of pool water revealed a continuous reduction in the pH level, reaching a very acidic pH level of 3.24.

          Conclusion

          Erosive tooth wear is more prevalent among competitive swimmers. Years of practice and regular consumption of acidic drinks increase the odds of developing erosive lesions. A high incidence of erosive lesions may be attributed to a reduction in swimming pool pH level. Salivary parameters showed variations between groups after training sessions.

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          Most cited references31

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          Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE): a new scoring system for scientific and clinical needs

          A new scoring system, the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE), has been designed to provide a simple tool for use in general practice and to allow comparison to other more discriminative indices. The most severely affected surface in each sextant is recorded with a four level score and the cumulative score classified and matched to risk levels which guide the management of the condition. The BEWE allows re-analysis and integration of results from existing studies and, in time, should initiate a consensus within the scientific community and so avoid continued proliferation of indices. Finally, this process should lead to the development of an internationally accepted, standardised and validated index. The BEWE further aims to increase the awareness of tooth erosion amongst clinicians and general dental practitioners and to provide a guide as to its management.
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            Oral Health and Quality of Life: Current Concepts.

            The recognition of health related quality of life began ever since WHO expanded the definition of health in 1948. This has resulted in the paradigm shift of health and disease from a medical model to a biopsychosocial model. Oral health too denotes not merely the absence of disease but the general well being so that the person can perform functions like eating, talking and smiling and also can contribute creatively to the society. Health related quality of life is a trade-off between how long and how well people live. To explain the concept various theoretical models have been proposed, of which the conceptual model of Wilson and Cleary 1995 is a comprehensive one. Even after much research and thousands of publications the definition of oral health related quality of life is still vague. But the patient's self perception about his oral health and related life quality are significant in clinical dental practice, dental education and research. It is widely shown that oral conditions can have varied impacts on daily living. To assess this, many measures or scales are available. They differ depending on the response format, number of items, context of use and the population in which it is applied. Patient reported outcome assessment is a less developed area in clinical dentistry and research and in future it has the potential to become the primary or secondary outcome measure in clinical interventional research.
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              Terminology of Erosive Tooth Wear: Consensus Report of a Workshop Organized by the ORCA and the Cariology Research Group of the IADR

              Our understanding of erosive tooth wear and its contributing factors has evolved considerably over the last decades. New terms have been continuously introduced, which frequently describe the same aspects of this condition, whereas other terms are being used inappropriately. This has led to unnecessary confusion and miscommunication between patients, professionals, and researchers. A group of 15 experts, selected by the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA) and the Cariology Research Group of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), participated in a 2-day workshop to define the most commonly used terms in erosive tooth wear. A modified Delphi method was utilized to reach consensus. At least 80% agreement was achieved for all terms discussed and their definitions related to clinical conditions and processes, basic concepts, diagnosis, risk, and prevention and management of erosive tooth wear. Use of the terms agreed on will provide a better understanding of erosive tooth wear and intends to enable improved communication on this topic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hamshamed14@gmail.com
                Journal
                Clin Oral Investig
                Clin Oral Investig
                Clinical Oral Investigations
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1432-6981
                1436-3771
                4 November 2023
                4 November 2023
                2023
                : 27
                : 12
                : 7777-7785
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, ( https://ror.org/00mzz1w90) Champollion St., Azarita, Alexandria, 21526 Egypt
                [2 ]Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, ( https://ror.org/05591te55) Munich, Germany
                [3 ]Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Assiut University, ( https://ror.org/01jaj8n65) Assiut, Egypt
                [4 ]GRID grid.4367.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2355 7002, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, , Washington University in St. Louis, ; St. Louis, MO USA
                Article
                5367
                10.1007/s00784-023-05367-7
                10713671
                37924355
                366eb952-ac69-4852-9577-2ad27126d9d9
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 13 August 2023
                : 25 October 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Alexandria University
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023

                Dentistry
                erosive tooth wear,swimmers,salivary parameters,ph assessment
                Dentistry
                erosive tooth wear, swimmers, salivary parameters, ph assessment

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