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      Acidification scenario of Cox’s Bazar coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and its influence on fish larvae abundance

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          Abstract

          Ocean acidification is caused mainly by atmospheric carbon dioxide stored in the ocean. Ocean acidification is considered a major threat to aquatic life, and how it influences the abundance of marine fish larvae is still unclear. This research was designed to measure the current ocean acidification scenario of the Cox's Bazar coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, and its probable influence on the abundance of fish larvae. Three research stations were selected: Bakkhali river estuary, Naf river estuary, and Rezu Khal. Monthly sampling was done, and larvae sample was collected from the surface water column (depth: 0.5 m) using a bongo net. Water parameters such as temperature, salinity, total alkalinity, and pH were determined using laboratory protocol. The seacarb package of the R programming language was used to determine ocean acidification factors. The Bakkhali river estuary showed the highest partial carbon dioxide (143.99 ± 102.27 μatm) and the lowest pH (8.27 ± 0.21). A total of 19 larvae families were identified, and the highest larval count was found in Rezu Khal (390 larvae/1000 m 3), while the lowest was found in the Bakkhali river (3 larvae/1000 m 3). Clupeidae, Myctophidae, and Engraulidae comprised more than 50% of the identified larvae. Blenniidae, Carangidae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, and Gobiidae were found in all three seasons. Most of the larvae families showed the highest mean abundance under less pCO 2. A negative correlation was observed between larvae and acidification factors such as pCO 2, HCO 3 −, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The study revealed that acidification parameters of the Cox's Bazar coast were not in an acute state for the aquatic organisms' survival, but fish larvae abundance could be declined with raises in the partial carbon dioxide. The results of this study may aid in developing a management plan for conserving Bangladesh's marine and coastal fish.

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          Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.

          James Orr, Victoria J. Fabry, Olivier Aumont … (2005)
          Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms--such as corals and some plankton--will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean-carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
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            Global Carbon Budget 2018

            Corinne Le Quéré, Robbie Andrew, Pierre Friedlingstein … (2018)
            Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO 2 emissions ( E FF ) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change ( E LUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate ( G ATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO 2 sink ( S OCEAN ) and terrestrial CO 2 sink ( S LAND ) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance ( B IM ), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1 σ . For the last decade available (2008–2017), E FF was 9.4±0.5 GtC yr −1 , E LUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr −1 , G ATM 4.7±0.02 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN 2.4±0.5 GtC yr −1 , and S LAND 3.2±0.8 GtC yr −1 , with a budget imbalance B IM of 0.5 GtC yr −1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2017 alone, the growth in E FF was about 1.6 % and emissions increased to 9.9±0.5 GtC yr −1 . Also for 2017, E LUC was 1.4±0.7 GtC yr −1 , G ATM was 4.6±0.2 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN was 2.5±0.5 GtC yr −1 , and S LAND was 3.8±0.8 GtC yr −1 , with a B IM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration reached 405.0±0.1 ppm averaged over 2017. For 2018, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in E FF of + 2.7 % (range of 1.8 % to 3.7 %) based on national emission projections for China, the US, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. The analysis presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959–2017, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr −1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO 2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO 2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO 2 variability by ocean models, originating outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2018 .
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              Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: towards a cause-and-effect understanding.

              H.- Portner, M. A. Peck (2010)
              Ongoing climate change is predicted to affect individual organisms during all life stages, thereby affecting populations of a species, communities and the functioning of ecosystems. These effects of climate change can be direct, through changing water temperatures and associated phenologies, the lengths and frequency of hypoxia events, through ongoing ocean acidification trends or through shifts in hydrodynamics and in sea level. In some cases, climate interactions with a species will also, or mostly, be indirect and mediated through direct effects on key prey species which change the composition and dynamic coupling of food webs. Thus, the implications of climate change for marine fish populations can be seen to result from phenomena at four interlinked levels of biological organization: (1) organismal-level physiological changes will occur in response to changing environmental variables such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and ocean carbon dioxide levels. An integrated view of relevant effects, adaptation processes and tolerance limits is provided by the concept of oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLT). (2) Individual-level behavioural changes may occur such as the avoidance of unfavourable conditions and, if possible, movement into suitable areas. (3) Population-level changes may be observed via changes in the balance between rates of mortality, growth and reproduction. This includes changes in the retention or dispersion of early life stages by ocean currents, which lead to the establishment of new populations in new areas or abandonment of traditional habitats. (4) Ecosystem-level changes in productivity and food web interactions will result from differing physiological responses by organisms at different levels of the food web. The shifts in biogeography and warming-induced biodiversity will affect species productivity and may, thus, explain changes in fisheries economies. This paper tries to establish links between various levels of biological organization by means of addressing the effective physiological principles at the cellular, tissue and whole organism levels. © 2010 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology © 2010 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Saifuddin Rana
                Md. Nazmul Hasan
                Sk. Ahmad Al Nahid
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 April 2023
                Publication date Collection: May 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 April 2023
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e15855
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi-4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh
                [b ]Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
                [c ]Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Mymensingh, Bangladesh
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8440(23)03062-1 Publisher ID: e15855
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15855
                PMC ID: 10172786
                SO-VID: 36150be2-77a4-4dd5-83c2-09dbcfdcf86b
                Copyright © © 2023 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 October 2022
                Date revision received : 15 April 2023
                Date accepted : 24 April 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: bay of bengal,fish larvae,ocean acidification,seacarb package,cox's bazar coast
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bay of bengal, fish larvae, ocean acidification, seacarb package, cox's bazar coast

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