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      Uso de dexmedetomidina em anestesia geral para tratamento cirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral, em paciente gestante, portadora de doença hipertensiva específica da gestação: relato de caso Translated title: Uso de dexmedetomidina en anestesia general para tratamiento quirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral, en paciente embarazada, portadora de enfermedad hipertensiva específica del embarazo: relato de caso Translated title: Dexmedetomidine in general anesthesia for surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysm in pregnant patient with specific hypertensive disease of pregnancy: case report

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A incidência de cirurgias não obstétricas em pacientes gestantes é de 0,36% a 2%. No entanto, cirurgias visando o tratamento cirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral em gestantes são extremamente raras. A doença hipertensiva específica da gestação, apresenta prevalência clínica de 10% na população gestante. Trata-se de uma doença de elevada complexidade clínica, acometendo múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. A dexmedetomidina, fármaco agonista alfa2, apresenta importante seletividade para estes receptores, quando utilizada em doses clínicas terapêuticas e promove adequada estabilidade hemodinâmica, se empregada no período peri-operatório. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar uma técnica com a qual fosse possível a manutenção da homeostase materna, preservando ao máximo o fluxo sangüíneo útero-placentário e a vitalidade fetal, sem deixar de lado aspectos fundamentais relativos à otimização da relação oferta/demanda de oxigênio cerebral e adequação das condições do tecido cerebral propícias ao manuseio cirúrgico. RELATO DO CASO: Gestante com 19 anos encaminhada para tratamento cirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral, estando na vigésima sétima semana de gestação. No pré-operatório, apresentava-se consciente, orientada, com presença de déficit à esquerda e quadro clínico compatível com toxemia gravídica. Foi administrada dexmedetomidina (1 µg.kg-1) em 20 minutos, seguida de indução anestésica com propofol (2,5 mg.kg-1), fentanil (7,5 µg.kg-1), lidocaína (1 mg.kg-1) e rocurônio (2 mg.kg-1) em seqüência rápida. A manutenção da anestesia foi obtida com propofol (50 µg.kg-1.min-1), alfentanil (1 µg.kg-1.min-1) e dexmedetomidina (0,7 µg.kg-1.min-1). A cirurgia foi realizada sem qualquer intercorrência, não havendo seqüela neurológica subjacente. CONCLUSÕES: Neste caso o uso da dexmedetomidina tornou possível um adequado manuseio hemodinâmico, mantendo otimizado o fluxo sangüíneo útero-placentário e a vitalidade fetal. Ressaltam-se, ainda, as condições adequadas de manuseio cirúrgico do tecido cerebral, assim como a ausência de influência na morbidade após o procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico.

          Translated abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La incidencia de cirugías no obstétricas en pacientes embarazadas es del 0,36% a 2%. Sin embargo, cirugías con la finalidad de tratamiento quirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral en embarazadas son extremadamente raras. La enfermedad hipertensiva específica de la gestación, presenta superioridad clínica del 10% en la población gestante. Se trata de una enfermedad de elevada complejidad clínica, acometiendo múltiples órganos y sistemas. La dexmedetomi- dina, fármaco agonista alfa-2, presenta importante selectividad para estos receptores cuando utilizada en dosis clínicas terapéuticas y promueve adecuada estabilidad hemodinámica cuando empleada en el período peri-operatorio. El objetivo de este relato fue presentar una técnica con la cual hubiera sido posible el mantenimiento de la homeostasis materna, preservando al máximo el flujo sanguíneo útero-placentario y la vitalidad fetal, sin dejar de lado aspectos fundamentales relativos a la optimización de la relación oferta/demanda de oxígeno cerebral y adecuación de las condiciones del tejido cerebral propicias al manoseo quirúrgico. RELATO DEL CASO: Embarazada con 19 años encaminada para tratamiento quirúrgico de aneurisma cerebral, en la vigésima séptima semana de embarazo. En el pre-operatorio, se presentaba consciente, orientada, con presencia de déficit a la izquierda y cuadro clínico compatible con toxemia gravídica. Fue administrada dexmedetomidina (1 µg.kg-1) en 20 minutos, seguida de inducción anestésica con propofol (2,5 mg.kg-1), fentanil (7,5 µg.kg-1), lidocaína (1 mg.kg-1) y rocurônio (2 mg.kg-1) en secuencia rápida. El mantenimiento de la anestesia fue lograda con propofol (50 µg.kg-1.min-1), alfentanil (1 µg.kg-1.min-1) y dexmedetomidina (0,7 µg.kg-1.min-1). La cirugía fue realizada sin cualquier acontecimiento, no habiendo secuela neurológica subyacente. CONCLUSIONES: El presente caso mostró que el uso de la dexmedetomidina posibilitó un adecuado manoseo hemodinámico, manteniendo optimizado el flujo sanguíneo útero-placentario y la vitalidad fetal. Se resaltan aún las condiciones adecuadas de manipulación quirúrgica del tejido cerebral, así como la ausencia de influencia en la morbidad después del procedimiento anestésico-quirúrgico.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The incidence of non-obstetrical surgeries in pregnant patients is about 0.36% to 2%. However, surgeries aiming at surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysm in pregnant women are extremely rare. Specific hypertensive disease of pregnancy, shows clinical prevalence of 10%. It is a disease with high clinical complexity compromising multiple organs and systems. Dexmedetomidine, alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist drug, in therapeutic clinical doses has major selectivity for these receptors and promotes suitable hemodynamic stability if used in the preoperative period. The purpose of this report was to present an anesthetic technique able to provide adequate maintenance of maternal homeostasis, preserving to the highest level uterus-placental blood flow and fetal vitality, without neglecting fundamental aspects regarding the optimization of brain oxygen supply/demand ratio and favorable brain tissue conditions for surgical management. CASE REPORT: Pregnant patient, 19 years old, 27 weeks of gestation, was referred to the operating room for surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysm. In the preoperative period she was conscious, oriented, eupneic but with left side motor deficit and clinical signs compatible with toxemia of pregnancy. Dexmedetomidine (1 µg.kg-1.h-1) was administered in 20 minutes, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol (2.5 mg.kg-1), fentanyl (7.5 µg.kg-1), lidocaine (1 mg.kg-1) and rocuronium (1.2 mg.kg-1) in rapid sequence. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol (50 µg.kg-1.min-1), alfentanil (1 µg.kg-1.min-1) and dexmedetomi- dine (0.7 µg.kg-1.h-1). Surgical procedure went on with no complications, including brain sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: This case report has shown that dexmedetomidine made possible the handling of hemodynamic responses, keeping optimized uterus-placental blood flow and fetal vitality. Adequate conditions of surgical brain tissue manipulation and the absence of influence in postoperative morbidity are also emphasized.

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          Most cited references12

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          The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans.

          This study determined the responses to increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans. Ten healthy men (20-27 yr) provided informed consent and were monitored (underwent electrocardiography, measured arterial, central venous [CVP] and pulmonary artery [PAP] pressures, cardiac output, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide [ETCO2], respiration, blood gas, and catecholamines). Hemodynamic measurements, blood sampling, and psychometric, cold pressor, and baroreflex tests were performed at rest and during sequential 40-min intravenous target infusions of dexmedetomidine (0.5, 0.8, 1.2, 2.0, 3.2, 5.0, and 8.0 ng/ml; baroreflex testing only at 0.5 and 0.8 ng/ml). The initial dose of dexmedetomidine decreased catecholamines 45-76% and eliminated the norepinephrine increase that was seen during the cold pressor test. Catecholamine suppression persisted in subsequent infusions. The first two doses of dexmedetomidine increased sedation 38 and 65%, and lowered mean arterial pressure by 13%, but did not change central venous pressure or pulmonary artery pressure. Subsequent higher doses increased sedation, all pressures, and calculated vascular resistance, and resulted in significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume. Recall and recognition decreased at a dose of more than 0.7 ng/ml. The pain rating and mean arterial pressure increase to cold pressor test progressively diminished as the dexmedetomidine dose increased. The baroreflex heart rate slowing as a result of phenylephrine challenge was potentiated at both doses of dexmedetomidine. Respiratory variables were minimally changed during infusions, whereas acid-base was unchanged. Increasing concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans resulted in progressive increases in sedation and analgesia, decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, and memory. A biphasic (low, then high) dose-response relation for mean arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and vascular resistances, and an attenuation of the cold pressor response also were observed.
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            Dexmedetomidine infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.

            The usefulness of intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion for maintenance of anesthesia was studied in patients anesthetized with thiopental, fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and oxygen. Isoflurane was added as needed. The study was conducted in two parts, the first of which was an open dose-response study that comprised 14 women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. After a suitable infusion regimen of dexmedetomidine was determined according to hemodynamic criteria, 20 patients were included in a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial (10 receiving dexmedetomidine, 10 saline solution). Dexmedetomidine was administered as a two-step infusion to rapidly achieve a steady-state plasma concentration. The infusion was started with an initial dose given over 10 min before the induction of anesthesia; at induction the maintenance rate was begun and continued until closure of the abdominal fascia. The infusion regimens of dexmedetomidine tested in the dose-response study ranged from 120 ng.kg-1 x min-1, followed by 6 ng.kg-1 x min-1, to 270 + 13.5 ng.kg-1 x min-1. In the second part of the study, an initial infusion of 170 ng.kg-1 x min-1 was chosen, followed by 10 ng.kg-1 x min-1 for maintenance. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (4.0 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane in 70% nitrous oxide and oxygen. Isoflurane was administered according to predetermined hemodynamic criteria. Dexmedetomidine infusion did not completely abolish the need for isoflurane but diminished its requirement by > 90% (P = 0.02). The heart rate response to endotracheal intubation was significantly blunted.
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              Neuroprotection by the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in a focal model of cerebral ischemia.

              Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, decreases central sympathetic activity and reduces the anesthetic requirement of halothane. Preliminary studies show that dexmedetomidine improves the outcome from ischemic injury and, therefore, may have potential therapeutic value. The authors studied 14 rabbits that underwent a 2-h occlusion of the left internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries, followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Ten minutes after occlusion, the animals were treated with either normal saline (n = 7) or dexmedetomidine (n = 7) using a computer-controlled infusion rate calculated to maintain a steady state plasma concentration. Halothane concentration was reduced by 50% for dexmedetomidine-treated animals to maintain a comparable level of anesthesia. Somatosensory evoked potentials were used to confirm adequate ischemia, and injury was assessed by histopathology. There were significant differences in the area of ischemic neuronal damage between the groups in the cortex (halothane alone, 38.2 +/- 6.0% SEM vs. halothane plus dexmedetomidine, 20.0 +/- 2.7% SEM, P = 0.018), but not in the striatum (halothane alone, 68.7 +/- 12.6% SEM vs. halothane plus dexmedetomidine, 43.5 +/- 15.9% SEM, P = 0.24), nor in physiologic parameters. Dexmedetomidine plasma levels obtained every 90 min showed a mean of 4.0 +/- 0.15 ng/ml. Results from this study indicate that postischemic administration of dexmedetomidine, in a dose that reduces the anesthetic requirements by 50%, has a neuroprotective effect in this model of focal cerebral ischemia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                0034-7094
                1806-907X
                April 2005
                : 55
                : 2
                : 212-216
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameSanta Casa de Campo Grande orgdiv1Serviço de Anestesiologia
                [02] orgnameSanta Casa de Campo Grande orgdiv1CET
                Article
                S0034-70942005000200008 S0034-7094(05)05500208
                352e2d0e-8411-4a46-9842-4c2aa8107f15

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 December 2004
                : 26 April 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 12, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Informações Clínicas

                SURGERY,CIRURGIA,DOENÇAS,DROGAS,ANESTHESIA,DISEASES,DRUGS,ANESTESIA
                SURGERY, CIRURGIA, DOENÇAS, DROGAS, ANESTHESIA, DISEASES, DRUGS, ANESTESIA

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